Taxonomy

• Taxonomy


  The branch of biology that classifies all living things
• Carolus Linnaeus


  • Swedish botanist who developed the system of classification.
• Domain


  The highest (most general) rank of organisms
• Three domains of life

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukaryota
• Archaea vs Bacteria


  • Archaea are not susceptible to antibiotics, Bacteria are
  • Archaea do not cause illnesses, Bacteria can
  • Archaea cell walls do not have peptidoglycan, Bacterial cell walls do
  • Many archaea are extremophiles living in hostile environments
• Kingdom Protista


  • Includes all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi
  • Protists are typically unicellular, though some are multicellular
  • Protists may be classified as animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like
• Animal-like protists (protozoa)


  • Unicellular and heterotrophic
  • Some prey on other microorganisms through phagocytosis
  • Four main types: amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans
• Amoeboids


  • Amoeba
  • Entamoeba histolytica (causes amoebiasis)
• Flagellates


  • Trypanosoma brucei (causes sleeping sickness)
• Ciliates


  • Paramecium
• Sporozoans


  • Plasmodium (causes malaria)
• Plant-like protists (algae)


  • Photosynthetic, contain chloroplasts and/or chlorophyll
  • Lack leaves, stems, and roots, have rhizoids instead
  • Live in aquatic environments
• Fungus-like protists


  • Two main types: slime molds and water molds
  • Slime molds are often unicellular but can swarm together
  • Water molds include plant pathogens like potato blight
• Lichens


  Symbiotic organisms made up of fungi, algae, and cyanobacteria
• Nine major animal phyla

  • Porifera
  • Cnidaria
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Nematoda
  • Annelida
  • Arthropoda
  • Mollusca
  • Echinodermata
  • Chordata
• Phylum Chordata


  • Notochord
  • Dorsal nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits
  • Post-anal tail
• Subphyla of Chordata


  • Urochordata (tunicates)
  • Cephalochordata (lancelets)
  • Vertebrata (vertebrates)
• Agnatha (jawless fishes)


  • Ancient vertebrate lineage, lack paired lateral appendages or fins
  • Includes hagfishes and lampreys
• Agnatha

  • Hagfish
  • Lamprey
• Class Amphibia


  Vertebrates capable of surviving both on land and in water
• Amphibians


  • Toad
  • Salamander
  • Frog
• Class Reptilia


  Exothermic, maintain body temperature through external means
• Reptiles


  • Crocodiles
  • Lizards
  • Snakes
  • Turtles
  • Tortoise
• Similarities between reptiles and amphibians

  • Both are cold-blooded
  • Both are vertebrates
• Differences between reptiles and amphibians

  • Reptiles bask in sunlight to regulate temperature, amphibians rarely do
  • Reptiles have lungs, amphibians can also breathe through skin
• Vertebrates


  Animals that are usually not very large in size, found both on land and in water
• Amphibious


  Derived from the Greek term meaning 'double life'
• Amphibians


  • Can live both in aquatic and terrestrial environments
  • Some live completely on land or completely in water
• Amphibians


  • Toad
  • Salamander
  • Frog
• Exothermic


  Maintain their body temperature through external means
• Reptiles


  • Crocodiles
  • Lizards
  • Snakes
  • Turtles
  • Tortoise
• Reptiles need less food/energy to live and live longer than a comparable sized mammal
• Reptiles and amphibians are both cold-blooded animals
• Reptiles


  • Utilize external behaviors such as basking to fluctuate their body temperature
  • Reptiles are born live or hatched from leathery or hard-shelled eggs
• Amphibians


  • Rarely bask under sunlight because it will dry out their skin
  • Hatched from gelatinous eggs laid in or around water, although live birth does occur in very few species
• Birds


  Warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton
• Mammals


  • Have mammary glands and body hair (or fur)
  • Possess oil glands and sweat glands
  • Lungs have millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli
  • Heart consists of four chambers
• Subclasses of Mammalia


  • Eutheria - Mammals that give birth to young ones developed inside the mother and derive nutrition through the placenta (e.g. cows, humans, rats)
  • Metatheria - Mammals that give birth to immature young ones that stay in their mother's pouch until they mature (e.g. kangaroo, koala)
  • Prototheria - Also known as Monotremes, egg-laying mammals (e.g. Platypus)
• Chondrichthyes


  Cartilaginous fishes which includes sharks and rays, have a cartilage skeleton, not buoyant like other fish so they must swim or sink, have a lateral line system which detects differences in water pressure
• Osteichthyes


  • Bony fishes, most numerous of all vertebrate classes, have gills covered by an operculum to draw water across/through the gills, have a swim bladder to control buoyancy