social exam

• nvc intro sapir whorf hypothesis


  1986, we attach meaning to everything
• nvc intro - mead


  1934, refers to language as a set of symbols
• nvc intro - patterson 


  1983, purpose of nvc is to regulate interactions, display dominance and express feelings and interactions
• nvc para 1 - kinesics affecive displays 


  ekman and friesen 1969, classify kinesics into 5 categories
• nvc para 1 - affective displays 


  people can produce 20,000 facial expressions , birdwhistell 1970
• nvc para 1 - affective displays study 


  Ekman et al 1971, ability to interpret and identify 6 basic emotions is cross cultural - part of being human not a product of peoples cultural experience
• nvc para 2 gestures study


  Bakker et al 2015, gestures are present even at 9 months , further suggestinf they are innate , no care givers reported infant being able to produce or replicate outside experiment - act of imitation meltzoff and moore.
• para 3 regulators and adaptors types


  masip et al 2004, self adaptors, alter adaptors, object adaptors.
• para 4 proxemics study


  hall 1959/66 , 4 zones of personal space , 1 = intimate zone, 2 = personal for interpersonal situations , 3= social for work situations , 4= public for general situations
• gender intro sex differences 


  eagly 1978, meta analysis, found in terms of influencability that women con formed more than males . then go on to milgrams obedience study 1961
• gender intro sex differences


  macoby and jacklin, 4 key differences, 1= women have more verbal ability, 2= men are more competent at visual spatial tasks , 3= boys tend to overtake girls in maths, 4= men are more aggressive
• gender para 1 language use


  keith and shuttleworth 2008, two main uses between genders, 1= women talk more, more polite, indecisive, complain , ask more questions, 2= men swear more , dont talk about emotions, talk about sport, dominate and insult each other
• gender para 1 language use


  twist and de graaf 2018, recent number of young people who identify as trans or non-binary has risen dramtaically especially in western culture
• gender para 2 biological differences 


  stewart et al 2016, biological difference in maths ability as was proven males outperform females at age 12 - however has no reliability measures but due to data being one time collection of normative data .
• gender para 3 social construction


  west and zimmerman 1987, performivity, socila roles performed by individuals that are validated by society.
• gender para 3 social construction


  butler, there is no 'original' innate gender but it something which is performed in the everyday, it is that behaviour that creates an impression of a solid core
• gender para 3 social construction after butler


  lorber and moore 2002, these performances are shaped by social practices , norms and expectations of others
• gender para 4 gender typing


  kohlberg 1966, gender constancy, children develop a sense of gender over time and eventually understand that their biological sex is fixed.
• gender para 4 gender typing after kohlberg


  de lisi and gallagher 1991, these ideas have been confirmed in other research including cross cultural studies e.g
• communication has always been ...


  fundamental to learning and socialisation, some may even refer to it as the medium of social influence and interpersonal interaction
• nvc intro chomsky 


  1957, language is innate and can even be used as an aquisition device
• nvc takes place when ...


  a message is transmitted , recieved and interpreted without using any words
• facial expressions display a ...


  certain affective state
• facial expressions convey ...

  universal emotional feelings however, degree and frequency across cultures is much less universal
• what did krauss find on ekman et al study 


  cross cultural agreement
• gestures as illustrators


  body movements that accompany spoken language
• certain behaviours tend to have ...


  related gestures
• gestures as emblems 


  stand in or replacements to spoken language
• emblems are not universal and are ...


  culture specific e.g hand signals
• what do regulators do


  modulate, maintain and regulate the flow of speech during a conversation
• what can regulators be


  kinesic , non kinesic , used as feedback e.g nodding head = turn taking
• what are adaptors 


  movements that satisfy personal needs , most are learned in early life
• interpersonal distance 


  also known as proxemics , relates to personal space
• areas close to our body are ...


  reserved for people we are intimate with
• interpretation of personal space ...


  varys across cultures, due to distance being determined by social and cultural norms
• gender can be defined as ...


  a construct of characteristics or expressions that owes its creation to a number of social institutions
• the term sex actually refers to 


  the biological and anatomical difference between male and female
• suggestion of language use by keith and shuttleworth

  lacks temporal validity , as times have evolved, the barrier between male and female language has become blurred
• basic assumptions that will stay the same due to rigid gender stereotypes ...


  women use a language of rapport , men use language to preserve independence and status
• biological differences


  gender differences in psychological functioning arising directly from biological sex differences