Infection and response

• What is measles?


  viral disease
• How is measles spread?

  By inhaling droplets from coughs or sneezes of an infected person
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  -Fever

  -Red skin rash
• What can measles lead to?

  Pneumonia

  Be fatal
• How do you prevent measles?

  Vaccination at young age
• What is HIV?


  Viral disease
• How is HIV controlled?

  anti-retrovial drugs
• What happens if HIV is not treated?

  Body can't fight the infection , leads to AIDS
• What are the symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like symptoms
• How is HIV spread?

  Exchange of bodily fluids- sharing needles, sexual contact
• What is TMV?


  Viral disease
• What does TMV cause?

  mosaic pattern of discoularation on leaves
• What does the discolouration on leave mean( TMV)?

  Lack of growth due to the lack of photosynthesis
• What's a communicable disease?

  A disease caused by pathogens
• What's a pathogen?


  microorganism
• What do pathogens cause?

  Infectious disease
• What do pathogens infect?

  Plants and animal
• What might a pathogen be?

  -fungi

  -protist

  -virus

  -bacteria
• How are pathogens spread?

  By direct contact by water or air
• What does bacteria do?

  Produces poisons that damage cells & tissues
• What do viruses do?

  Reproduce inside cells & cause damage
• How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the body?

  -Acts as a physical barrier
• How does the nose prevent pathogens from entering the body?

  Hairs & Mucus trap particles
• How does the Trachea & bronchi prevent pathogens from entering the body?

  Secrete mucus to trap pathogens

  -lined with cilia that allow mucus to be swallowed
• How does the stomach prevent pathogens from entering the body?

  produces Hydrochloric acid
• How does the immune system defend against disease?

  Attacks the pathogens
• What were traditional drugs extracted from?

  microorganisms & Plants
• Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?

  Foxgloves
• Where does aspirin originate from?


  Willows
• Who discovered penicillin?


  Alexander Flemming
• How are most new drugs synthesized?

  By chemists in the pharmaceutical industry
• Why are new medical drugs tested?

  To check they're safe & effective
• What are the pros of vaccination?

  -Prevent epidemics if mass amount of people are vaccinated

  -Helps to control communicable diseases
• What are the cons of vaccination?

  -Not always effective

  -People sometimes have a bad reaction to them
• What does vaccination involve?


  -Injecting small quantities of dead/inactive pathogens into the body to stimulate the WBC to produce antibodies
• What happens if the same pathogen enters the body after vaccination?

  WBC respond quickly to produce antibodies to prevent infection
• How is the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains slowed down?

  -Only prescribe antibiotics when it is serious

  -Whole course of antibiotics must be finished
• What is salmonella?


  Bacterial Disease
• How is Salmonella controlled?

  -In the UK, poultry is vaccinated against salmonella
• How is salmonella spread?


  -By ingesting bacteria in foods

  -Food prepped in bad conditions