Bioenergetics

• What is the energy transferred by respiration in cells used for?


  -Used by organism to control processes of metabolism that synthesize new molecules
• What are the 5 ways glucose is used? How?


  -Making cellulose, to strengthen cell walls

  -storing starch, stored as insoluble starch so it can be used when needed

  -making amino acids, for protein synthesis

  -For respiration, Transfers energy so plant can convert glucose

  -Storing fats , For storing in seeds
• What is metabolism?


  -Sum of all reactions in cell/body
• What 5 things does metabolism include?


  -Conversion of glucose to starch/glycogen/cellulose

  -Forms lipid molecules from glycerol

  -Use glucose & nitrate ions to from amino acids

  -Respiration

  -Break down proteins into urea for excretion
• What are the effects of temperature on photosynthesis? 


  -It is a limiting factor

  -Too low, enzymes needed work slower

  -Too hot, enzymes are destroyed (45)
• What are effects of light intensity on photosynthesis?

  Not enough light=slowed rate

  When light increases it will steadily increase up to a certain point then not increase anymore
• What are effects of Co2 concentration on photosynthesis?

  Too little C02=slowed rate

  will only increase up to a certain point then won't increase
• What are effects of amount of chlorophyll on photosynthesis?

  If chlorophyll become damaged the rate is reduced as less light is able to be absorbed
• How are cells respired-aerobically or anaerobically?


  -Both,to transfer energy
• In plants & animals where do most aerobic reactions happen?


  -Inside the mitochondria
• What is respiration?


  -Process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell
• Is respiration exothermic or endothermic?


  -Exothermic, as energy is transferred to the environment
• What happens after long periods of vigorous activity?


  -Muscles become fatigued

  -muscles stop contracting as efficiently
• What is an 'oxygen debt'?


  -Amount of extra o2 body needs after exercise to react with lactic acid to remove it from cells
• What does aerobic mean?


  -Respiration With oxygen
• What does anaerobic mean?


  -Respiration without oxygen
• What does the energy transferred supply?

  -All energy needed for living processes
• What 3 things do organisms need energy for?

  -Movement

  -Chemical reactions to build larger molecules

  -Keeping warm
• What's the equation (word/symbol) for aerobic respiration

  -glucose + oxygen-------->carbon dioxide+water

  -C6H1206+602------------>6CO3=6H20
• What's the word & chemical eqaution for photosynthesis?

  6CO2+6H20-------->C6H12O6+602

  Carbon dioxide +water---by light--->glucose+oxygen
• Why is photosynthesis endothermic?

  Energy transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light
• What does photosynthesis use energy for?


  To transfer carbon dioxide + water into glucose +oxygen
• What is the inverse square law?

  -(Inverse square law) proportional to (1 )divided by (distance-d2)
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?


  -glucose-->lactic acid
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plant/yeast cells?

  glucose--> ethanol + carbon dioxide
• Why is anaerobic respiration used in muscle cells?


  -As oxidation of glucose is incomplete, much less energy is transferred ( allows muscles to work for longer)
• What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?Why is it economically important?

  Fermentation, Important in the manufacture of bread/alcoholic drinks
• During exercise, what does the human body react to?


  -Increased demand for energy
• What happens to heart rate/ breathing rate/ breath volume?


  -They increase , to supply muscles with more oxygenated blood
• What happens if insufficient oxygen is supplied?


  anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles
• What does the incomplete oxidation of glucose cause?


  Build up of lactic acid, creates an oxygen debt (extra oxygen needed to react with lactic acid to remove it)