routes of administration

• Oral- advantages?


  Easy to administer, suitable for long term use, isnt painful.
• Oral- disadvantages?


  Slow absorption, injury to you and animal, inaccurate dosing, bioavailability reduced by GI tract and vomiting/ salvation may occur. Aspiration of medication.
• Process of oral administration?


  Drug passes into stomach where it dissolves, then is absorbed by the SI into the bloodstream, where it is distributed around the body.
• What is intra-peritoneal and its use?

  Medication injected into the peritoneal cavity, used in rodents as I/V access difficult.
• Intra-peritoneal- Advantages?


  painless injection, accurate dose, rapid effect as there is a good blood supply, large doses can be administered.
• Intra-peritoneal- Disadvantages?


  Assistance required, skill required not to hit organs, injury to you and animal, risk of penetrating organs.
• Process of intra-peritoneal?


  Animal held on back with head downwards, needle 20 degrees into abdomen, lateral to umbilicus, towards the head, pull back plunger, to see ensure fluid isnt present and inject.
• What is intra-osseous?


  Medication injected directly into the medullar cavity of the bone.
• Common sites on intra-osseous?

  Femoral head, wings of ilium and humerus.
• Intra-osseous- advantages?


  rapid action due to large blood supply to the bone, accurate and exact dose, large volumes given over prolonged periods.
• Intra- osseous- disadvantages?


  Sedation G/A required, sterility required, VS and assistance, high infection risk.
• when is intra-osseous used?

  used for prolonged administration, when I/V access is not possible or rapid response to medication is required. (neonates, birds, reptiles, severe shock)
• What is intra-articular?


  Medicine directly into joint.
• When is intra-articular injection used?

  Long lasting analgesia, anti-inflammation for joint conditions, commonly used in horses.
• Intra-articular- advantages?


  Direct localised effect, affecting area required, accurate + exact dose possible, rapid onset as not required to be absorbed and distributed.
• Intra-articular- disadvantages?


  VS and assistance needed. Sedation/GA required, high infection risk and sterility need.
• what is s/c?


  Medication administered systemically by injection.
• S/C common sites?


  Medication into fat layer e.g. scruff.
• S/C advantages?


  Accurate dose, painless, quicker effect than oral, usually administered alone.
• S/C disadvantages?


  Skill required, injury to you and animal, risk of infection, allergic reaction, slower absorption, large volumes is painful.
• S/C process?


  skin grasped with one hand, needle inserted at 45 degree angle, insert 3/4 length draw back to check for blood.
• What is Intra-muscular?


  Mediation injected into muscle mass.
• I/M common sites?


  Quadriceps femoris and lumbar muscle.
• What should be remembered when injecting I/M?

  avoid injecting into gluteal muscle, risk of hitting sciatic nerve as can cause perm/temp paralysis.
• Advantages of I/M?


  Accurate dose, quicker than s/c injection (20-30 mins faster), muscle has quicker injections.
• Disadvantages of I/M?


  Allergic reaction, painful due to nature of tissue, risk of infection, injury to you and animal, skill required.
• I/V common sites?


  cephalic vein, saphenous vein, jugular, marginal ear vein.
• Advantages of I/V?


  Accurate and exact dose, rapid action and direct effect, no wait for absorption, large volumes of prolonged periods of time (I/V fluids).
• Disadvantages of I/V?


  Assistance needed, preparation of skin, injury to you and animal, painful, care to ensure exact dose, skill difficult to do.