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• Gilgamesh


  The king of Uruk in ancient Sumeria, known for his arrogance and bravery.
• Enkidu


  A wild man created by the gods to challenge Gilgamesh and become his friend.
• Utnapishtim


  A hero who survived the great flood and becomes the model for Noah in the biblical flood story.
• Great Flood


  A pivotal event in the Epic of Gilgamesh, symbolizing rebirth and renewal for humanity.
• neolithic revolution 


  transforms society from hunter gathers to farmer
• the Fertile Crescent


  area of fertile land in the Middle East extending in a semicircle from Israel to the Persian gulf, where the Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Phoenician, and Hebrew civilizations flourished
• sumer


  the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia
• ziggurats


  temples that priests would be in
• cuneiform: wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia in clay tablets
• Theory of Forms


  Plato's idea that the physical world is just a shadow or imitation of a higher, eternal realm of abstract Forms or Ideas
• Allegory of the Cave


  A famous allegory by Plato describing prisoners who have never seen the outside world and believe the shadows they see are reality
• Immortality of the Soul

  Plato's belief that the soul is immortal and has existed before birth and will continue to exist after death
• Epistemology: the study of knowledge, its nature, and its limits.
• what does Hammurabi's code reveal about the Babylonia culture and society 


  there are different ranks of people
• Socratic Method


  A method of questioning used by Socrates to arrive at a deeper understanding of a concept
• Buddha


  The founder of Buddhism, whose teachings emphasize the importance of the Middle Path
• Nirvana


  A state of enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of suffering, achieved through the Middle Path
• Middle Path


  A philosophical concept that involves finding a balance or moderation between two extremes
• End of Suffering


  The goal of the Middle Path, achieved by understanding the true nature of reality and letting go of attachments and desires
• Cessation of Craving


  The Middle Path involves the cessation of craving and attachment, which is seen as the root cause of suffering
• Heroism


  A concept that refers to the qualities and actions of a hero, who is often seen as a model of courage, strength, and virtue
• Book of the Dead

  A collection of spells, prayers, and instructions used to help guide the deceased through the afterlife
• Spells


  Collection of magical formulas and prayers used to help the deceased overcome obstacles and achieve a successful transition into the afterlife
• Rebirth


  A concept in ancient Egyptian religion that refers to the process of being reborn and resurrected in the afterlife
• Genesis


  The first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, which tells the story of creation, the early history of humanity, and the patriarchs of the Israelites
• Creation


  The story of God creating the world and all living things in six days
• The Fall of Man


  The story of Adam and Eve's disobedience to God's command not to eat from the tree of knowledge
• Exodus


  The second book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, which tells the story of the Israelites' liberation from slavery in Egypt and their journey to the Promised Land
• Ten Plagues


  God's ten plagues upon Egypt to persuade Pharaoh to release the Israelites from slavery
• Passover


  The Israelites' marking of their doorposts with the blood of a lamb to avoid the tenth plague, which kills the firstborn sons of Egypt
• Rig Veda


  The oldest and most sacred of the four Vedas, a collection of hymns, prayers, and rituals composed in ancient India around 1500 BCE
• Dharma


  The concept of duty and moral responsibility, which is central to the Bhagavad Gita
• Karma


  The idea that every action has consequences, and that one's actions determine their future
• Bhagavad Gita


  A Hindu scripture that is part of the Indian epic, the Mahabharata, and is a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and the god Krishna
• Dhammapada


  A Buddhist scripture that is part of the Pali Canon, a collection of 423 verses attributed to the Buddha
• Dhamma


  The teachings of the Buddha, seen as a path to enlightenment and liberation
• The Iliad


  An ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer, which tells the story of the Trojan War and the rage of Achilles
• Achilles


  The greatest warrior of the Greeks, who is the central character of the poem
• The Odyssey


  An ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer, which tells the story of Odysseus' journey home after the Trojan War
• Odysseus


  The king of Ithaca, who is the central character of the poem