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• Diffusion


  Movement from an area from high concentration to low concentration
• Bulk flow 


  Movement of fluids down a pressure or temperature gradient
• Circulatory fluid


  Moved by bulk flow. Blood for closed circulatory system. Hemolymph for open circulatory system
• Hemolymph

  Fluid that many invertebrates use to circulate oxygen and/or nutrients through an open circulatory system
• Blood

  Circulatory fluid in closed circulatory systems that contains blood cells that deliver oxygen cells
• Lamellae 


  Thin, sheet like structures that extend up from each gill filament and has capillaries to bridge arteries to veins
• Counter Current Exchange

  Mechanism by which dissolved gasses or electrolytes in one closed system are diffused into another system with diffusion
• Concurrent vs countercurrent flow

  Concurrent flow means blood and water are flowing in the same direction. Countercurrent flow means they’re flowing in opposite directions
• Spiracles


  Openings on insects along the sides of their abdomen that provide a direct path for air to enter their system
• Trachea 


  Branching tubes from spiracles that insects have that ventilate air directly to their cells
• Tidal ventilation 


  Lungs that inflate and deflate to move air with high oxygen in and air with high carbon dioxide out (Normal Breathing)
• Diaphragm


  Sheet of muscle at base of lungs that forms a barrier between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Moves down and contracts when inhaling and moves towards head and relaxes when exhaling.
• Intercostal muscles


  Elevate the ribs during inhalation and contracting chest cavity on exhalation
• Tidal volume


  Amount of air you generally breathe at rest
• Larynx


  Organ in the throat made of cartilage that contains vocal cords and helps separate swallowing from breathing
• Trachea


  Central airway leading to the lungs
• Primary bronchi


  Fork in the trachea that goes to each lung
• Order when air is inhaled

  First Larynx, then Trachea and cartilage, and then primary bronchi to lungs
• Order for Bronchi

  -Primary bronchi

  -Second bronchi- Bronchioles are part of this

  -Terminal bronchioles

  -Respiratory bronchioles

  -Alveoli- sacs where gas exchange takes place
• Pulmonary capillaries

  Supply each alveolus with blood
• Surfactant


  Secreted to reduce mucus surface tension to prevent partially deflated alveoli from being able to reinflate
• Carotid bodies 


  Sensors in the carotid arteries
• Aortic bodies


  Sensors in the aorta that detect variation in CO2, H+, and O2 in blood to alter breathing rate
• Hematocrit

  The percentage (by volume) of red blood cells in your blood
• Blood Volume


  55% is plasma, white blood cells and platelets is 1%, and red blood cells is 45% (hematocrit)
• Hemoglobin

  Protein in red blood cells that increases oxygen solubility and is what causes blood to be red
• Cooperative bonding


  Trait of hemoglobin in which after one oxygen molecule binds, it’s easier for the other 3 to bind
• Myoglobin

  Specialized oxygen carrier in muscle cells. Has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin vs myoglobin graph

  Hemoglobin is sigmoidal (S-shaped) due to cooperative bonding and myoglobin is exponential due to having a high affinity for oxygen
• Open circulatory system


  Contains few blood vessels and uses hemolymph to circulate oxygen. Is limited by size
• Closed circulatory system


  Made of internal vessels that contain blood and a heart to circulate blood through the system
• Benefits of a closed circulatory system

  Allows blood to be moved to specific regions to maintain homeostasis and maintains a high rate of oxygen delivery to organs for increased activity
• Conflict for closed circulatory system

  Has to produce enough pressure to move blood to all tissue, but supply cells with blood at low pressure. Conflict is resolved by having vessels of different sizes
• Arteries

  Large, high pressure, move blood away from heart
• Arterioles

  Mid-sized, mid pressure, move blood away from heart
• Capillaries

  Small size, low pressure, gas exchange
• Venules

  Mid-sized, mid pressure, take blood towards heart
• Veins

  Large, high pressure, move blood towards heart
• Vasoconstriction vs vasodilation

  -Vasoconstriction- narrowing of blood vessels by muscles around them.

  -Vasodilation- muscles make blood vessels bigger. Both caused by nerve pulses or hormones sent to regulate blood pressure
• Valves purpose


  They prevent backflowing veins under low pressure, so blood flows in the correct direction and no away from the heart like the arterioles, so has to move against gravity.