Inorganic chemistry

• Does the area change for the temp boltzman distribution curve ?

  No
• What is a catalyst?


  Provides an alternative pathway that has lower activation energy. Catalyst does not get used up
• One benefit of catalyst 


  They can allow reactions to take place at lower temperatures which saves energy
• How can rate be measured?

  -measure mass lost

  -volume of gas produced, use a gas syringe to measure
• What do grp 2 metals form when reacting with water

  Metal hydroxide and hydrogen
• What is the ionic equation for metal oxide and water?


  Equation

  
• What is the test for chloride ions 


  Equation

  
• Disproportionate reaction 


  Equation

  
• Disproportionation reaction 


  Equation

  
• What is the test for ammonium ions

  Add sodium hydroxide

  Gently heat

  Put litmus paper in the neck of the text tube, if turns blue, its present
• Ionic equation for ammonia test

  Equation

  
• Equation for sulfate ions 


  Equation

  
• How can we calculate average bond enthalpy

  Measure enthalpy of total amount of bonds than dived it by number of bonds there are
• Transition element 


  D block element that can form at least one stable ion with a partially filled (incomplete) d subshell
• Ligand sub equation 


  Equation

  
• Explain using ligand subsitions how haemoglobin transports oxygen and why carbon monoxide is toxic 


  -oxygen forms a coordinate bond with Fe 2plus ion

  -oxygen is replaced by

  -Co forms stronger coordinate Bond that oxygen
• How do you do balanced redox equations?

  -find out which has been reduced and oxidised

  -add electrons

  -balance charges oh- alkaline conditions, H plus acidic conditions

  and add H20 to balance oxygen and h's, do ethier first as long as o's and has r balanced

  -add reduction and oxidation eq to get overall eq
• Chromium electron configuration


  3d5 4s1
• Copper electron configuration


  3d10 4s1
• Fe 3 plus


  orange brown
• Fe 2 plus


  pale green
• Monodentate ligand


  Forms one coordinate bond
• Coordination number


  Total no of coordinate bonds formed between a central metal ion and its ligand
• Trans form optical isomers

  Can be super imposed, image is exactly the same
• Stereoisomerism


  Depends on the number and type of ligands that are attached to the central metal ion, and the shape of the complex
• Optical isomers


  Occur in octahedral complexes that contain two or more bidentate ligands
• Ligand


  A Molecule or ion that bonds to a central metal atom to form a coordinate bond
• Carbon monoxide (CO) replaces the oxygen bonded to Fe2+


  CO bonds more strongly than oxygen so it cannot be removed
• Dissolving copper sulfate in water


  Forms the complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+ in an aqueous solution
• Cis-platin


  • Contains the transition element platinum
  • Has a square planar shape
• Bidentate ligand


  Ligand that forms two coordinate bonds by donating two lone pairs
• How to identify transition metals


  1. Add aq sodium hydroxide w aq transition metals

  2. Look at table for the colours
• Where cis and trans occur


  Square planar and octrahedral
• Properties of transition metals


  • Can form complex ions
  • Can form coloured compounds
  • Several different oxidation states
  • Act as a catalyst
• How is a buffer solution made

  1. Method 1: Place the same volume of both HA and A- in a beaker, stir the two solutions together

  2. Method 2: Add a larger volume of HA to buffer, add NaOH (alkali) which forms a mixture of HA and A-
• Equivalence point


  When the volume of acid reacts exactly with volume of base, halfway through the vertical section
• To calculate the hydrogen concentration of a dibasic acid, multiply [HA] by 2
• Ka value


  The further to the right the equilibrium lies, the stronger the acid, it still a weak acid but it ionises more
• Aqueous solution of an acid

  Can contain hydroxide ions
• Water dissociation


  Releases OH- ions