Chapter 2

• transpiration is when the plant continually loses water to the air
• the transpiration stream is the continuous flow of water from roots to leaves
• the epidermal tissue is the outer layer of the leaf and is made up of dead cells
• the epidermal covers the surface of the leaf to protect them
• the epidermal has a waxy layer to be waterproof
• the palisade mesophyll is under the upper epidermis
• the palisade mesophyll contains chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis which is long to take in more
• the spongy mesophyll is in the lower part of the leaf
• the spongy mesophyll contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis diffusion
• spongy mesophyll has air gaps for gas to diffuse easier
• the xylem and phloem is throughout the plant
• the xylem transports water throughout the plant
• the phloem transports sugars throughout the plant
• the meristem is in the roots and shoot tips
• the meristem allows growing parts to differentiate into all cells needed
• during inhale the intercostal muscles contract forcing the rib cage to go upwards and outwards
• during exhale the intercostal muscles relax moving the ribcage down and inwards
• during inhalation the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards
• during exhalation the diaphragm relaxes and moves up
• the lung volumes increases during inhalation and decreases during exhalation
• the pressure in lungs decreases during inhalation due to the concentration gradient forms from outside the lungs to the inside
• the pressure in lungs increases during exhalation due to the concentration gradient forming from inside the lungs to the outside
• the oxygen during gas exchange moves into the blood by diffusion whilst the carbon dioxide moves out
• order for gas exchange

  
• the circulatory system transports carbon dioxide and oxygen throughout the body
• blood is a tissue
• blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets
• the vena cava takes deoxygenated blood to the heart
• the aorta takes oxygenated blood away from the heart
• the pulmonary arteries takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood towards the heart
• deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right side of the heart
• oxygenated blood is pumped on the left side of the heart
• deoxygenated blood enters the heart to the right atrium then to the right ventricle
• oxygenated blood enters the heart to the left atrium then to the left ventricle
• the heart is made out of cardiac muscle
• the septum separates the right and left side of the heart
• the tricuspid valve and semilunar valve is on the right side of the heart
• the bicuspid vale and semi-lunar valve is on the left side of the heart
• the ateries carry oxygenated blood