respiratory

• nasal cavity - entrypoint for air, mucous membrane and hair in your nose, warms, filters and moistens the air to prepare it for entry into the lungs
• pharynx - point where mouth, nasal cavity and throat join together
• epiglottis - cartiliganous flap at back of the throat, covers the oesophagus when breathing and covers trachea when eating
• larynx - voice box, air moves over vocal chords, creates sounds and words
• trachea - tube connecting larynx and pharynx to lungs, C shaped cartilage runs down front of trachea keeping it open
• bronchi - branch off from trachea to the lungs
• bronchioles - branch off from bronchi into lobes of the lungs
• alveoli - small grape like structure in lungs covered in fine mesh of capillaries where diffusion takes place
• inspiratory muscles are sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor
• expiratory muscles are internal intercostal muscles, rectus abdominus
• inspiration at rest - external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, ribcage moves up and out, thoracic cavity increases, lung pressure decreases, air is rushed into the lungs
• expiration at rest - external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, ribcage moves down and in, thoracic cavity decreases, lung pressure increases, air rushed out of the lungs
• inspiration during exercise - external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract with more force, inspiratory muscles contract, ribcage moves up and out greater, thoracic cavity increases further, lung pressure increases further, more air rushes into of the lungs
• expiration during exercise - external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, inspiratory muscles relax, expiratory muscles and internal intercostal muscles contract, ribcage moves down and in greater, thoracic cavity decreases further, lung pressure increases further, more air rushed out of the lungs
• gaseous exchange - movement of co2 and o2 across a membrane
• diffusion - movement of gases from high partial pressure to low partial pressure
• tidal volume - volume of air inspired and expired in one breath
• breathing frequency - number of inspiration and expirations taken in 1 minute
• minute ventilation - volume of air inspired / expired in 1 minute
• resting for TV f VE - 0.5, 15, 6
• submax for TV f VE - 3, 40, 120
• maximal for TV f VE - 3.5, 60, 210
• ST changes happen in the body to get more o2 in and more co2 out
• ST the changes include the mechanics of breathing, increasing TV, f, VE, causes gaseous exchange to become more efficient
• ST importance to changes in mechanics of breathing, higher resistance to fatigue
• LT increased strength of respiratory muscles, diaphragm and intercostal muscles become stronger, allows TV to increase whilst f decreases, impacts on performance - more efficient ways of getting more o2 into the body without causing respiratory muscle fatigue
• LT increased number of alveoli, allows more site for gaseous exchange, impacts on performance since more o2 diffuses into the body, reduces changes of OBLA