Logic vocab

• • Propositions:
  • Statements that are true or false.
• • Non-propositions:
  • Sentences that are not statements about matters of fact (or fiction).They do not make a claim that can be true or False
• • Simple propositions: Simple propositions have no internal logical structure, meaning they are true or false on their own.
• • Complex propositions: Complex propositions have internal logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions.
• • Premise: The premises are the claims, evidence, ideas, and so forth intended to support the conclusion.
• • Conclusions: The conclusion is the claim that the whole argument is intended to support or demonstrate or prove.
• • Deduction: arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion
  • mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition
• • Induction: arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable
  • analogies, authority, causal inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations, etc.
• • abduction: arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation
• • Deduction: Arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion
• • Induction: Arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable
• • Abduction: Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation
• • Truth: A true proposition accurately represents reality.
• • Validity: In a good deductive argument structure, true premises would make the conclusion necessarily true. (If not, it is an invalid structure.)
• • Soundness: A deductive argument is sound if it has a valid structure and all its premises are true. (If an argument is deductive but has either an invalid structure or at least one false premise, then it is an unsound argument.)
• • All True Premises + Valid Structure =Sound Argument
• • Truth: Propositions are true if they accurately represent what is the case, otherwise they are false.
• • Strength: In an inductive argument, the truth of the premises would make the conclusion probably true.
• • Cogency: An inductive argument is cogent if it is strong and all its premises are true. (If an argument is inductive but either is weak or has at least one false premise, then it is an uncogent argument.)
• • All True Premises + Strong InductiveSupport = Cogent Argument
• • Soundness: A deductive argument is sound if it has a valid structure and all its premises are true. (If an argument is deductive but has either an invalid structure or at least one false premise, then it is an unsound argument.)
• • Strength: In a strong inductive argument, the truth of premises would make the conclusion probably true.
• • Cogency: An inductive argument is cogent if it is strong and all its premises are true. (If an argument is inductive but either is weak or has at least one false premise, then is is an uncogent argument.)
• • A strong inductive argument is such that if the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true. A cogent argument is strong and has true premises.
• • A valid deductive argument is such that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. A sound argument is valid and has true premises.
• • Deductive arguments are supposed to guarantee their conclusions, while inductive arguments are supposed to make their conclusions probable.
• antecedent, and the simple proposition that immediately follows the word "then" is called the consequent. Arguments of this form are called

  "affirming the consequent" because the other premise says that the consequent of the hypothetical statement is true. It affirms the
• • Formal Fallacy: The word "formal" refers to the structure of things.
  • Informal Fallacy: Informal fallacies have a problem with their content.

  Attributions and References
• • Cognitive bias: The way we naturally categorize and make sense of the world around us.
  • 
• • Alief: An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs.
• • Heuristic: A rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut
• • Algorithm bubble: The curated and personalized version of online reality that a website shows you when you log on.
• • Availability heuristic: A process where in the mind generalizes based on what is available to it rather than on what is objectively true.
• Conjunction fallacy: When people believe that two events are more likely to occur together than either one alone.
• Availability Heuristic: We tend to think something is more likely if we can easily recall examples of it.
• Disconfirming evidence: Evidence that goes against your hypothesis.
• Confirmation Bias: Our tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing views while ignoring evidence that contradicts them.
• Compound propositions


  Statements that are made up of two or more simple propositions joined together by logical connectives such as "and," "or," and "not."
• Internal Logical Structure


  The way that ideas or components are organized and connected within a system or concept. It's the underlying framework or "blueprint" that holds everything together and determines how the different parts relate to one another.
• Deductive argument


  An argument where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion