Incomplete - Geography EoY

• what is development?

  there is no single definition however in geography it involves economic, social and environmental progress over a period of time.

  
  

  some places are more/less developed than other places and the level of development can vary between countries and within them
• how can we measure development?

  GNI/GNP/GDP per capita + HDI (HDI being the most effective one
• what does GNI/GNP/GDP stand for?

  Gross national income, gross national product, gross domestic product
• what does HDI stand for and what does it measure?

  Human Development Index (HDI);

  standard measure of human well-being and development; measured by life expectancy (from birth), education (average yrs in school, and adult literacy) and GNI per capita
• what is the demographic transition model?

  sequence of stages in population growth

  split into 5 stages:

  - high stationary

  - early expanding

  - late expanding

  - low stationary

  - declining
• biomes throughout africa

  there are 4 main biomes in africa:

  - savanna

  - rainforest

  - hot desert

  - semi-desert
• factors of the savanna

  warm all year, with a wet season and a longer dry season

  rolling grassland with scattered trees

  people living here grow crops + raise animals.

  desertification is a problem
• rainforest factors

  warm + wet all year

  much of the african rainforest has been destroyed (clear land to grow crops + trees are cut down for timber and firewood
• hot desert factors

  very hot in the day (up to 50 degrees C)

  very little/no rain

  very strong winds
• semi-desert factors

  lies between savanna and the desert

  always warm/hot (cooler that desert)

  some rain but not dependable on few months of the year

  dry rest of the year

  most people that live there farm
• desertification meaning

  spread of desert-like conditions through the degradation of land and vegetation and erosion of soil in semi-arid areas.
• what is desertification caused by

  human activities:

  - deforestation

  - overgrazing (grazing too many animals for too long of a period)

  - overcultivation (intensive farming method that often damages the soil)

  - population increase (human activities more likely)

  
  

  and climate variations
• types of aid

  long term (has lasting effect), short term (emergency aid in times of disaster), bilateral aid (from one government to another - conditions attached), multilateral aid (when a group of countries/organizations give money to another country - conditions attached) and voluntary aid (when charities donate to country(s))
• problems of long term aid

  limited amount, if something breaks its hard to fix, need education to use it
• problems with bilateral (short term) aid


  exhausts quickly

  constantly needs large amounts

  conditions attached

  dependent on food source
• problems with voluntary (short term) aid


  after crisis they will stop receiving aid

  dependent on donations
• problems with multi-lateral (long term) aid


  makes quite drastic changes
• describing glaciers as systems >>

  
• how does freeze-thaw weathering work?

  Water enters joints and cracks in rocks and freezes, expanding. When the ice melts, a larger gap is created, allowing more water in to freeze until the rock breaks

  remaining pieces are called scree
• what are the processes of erosion

  abrasion + plucking
• how does abrasion work

  the process by which a glacier wears away bedrock by a 'sandpapering' effect as rocks embedded in the ice scrape away at the rock beneath it
• how does plucking work

  the process by which a glacier wears away bedrock as it freezes to pieces of rock and then pulls them away as the ice moves
• what is a Corrie and how does it form?

  a corrie is a deep bowl shaped hollow found on the side of a mountain.

  they are formed through a number of processes:

  - freeze-thaw weathering weakens the rock

  - plucking erodes the back wall

  - corrie floor is deepened by abrasion leading to bowl shape

  - glacier moves down under gravity
• what is an arete and how does it form?

  it is a sharp ridge in a glaciated highland area

  if is formed when two corries come together and form a sharp peak

  
• what is a pyramidal peak and how does it form?

  it is a sharply pointed mounted found in a glaciated highland area

  if is formed when 3 or more corries come together and form a stiff peak

  
• what is a u shaped valley and how does it form

  it is a wide, deep and steep-sided landform which runs through an area that has been eroded by glaciers

  it is formed by a glacier which uses the processes of plucking and abrasion to widen, steepen, deepen and smooth 'V'-shaped river valleys into a 'U' shape.
• what is a hanging valley and how does it form

  A hanging valley is a smaller side valley left 'hanging' above the main U-shaped valley formed by a tributary glacier.

  
• what is a misfit river and how does it form

  Misfit streams/rivers meander through the flat, wide U-shaped floor. They have not eroded the valley, as they formed there after glaciation had carved out the much larger U-shaped valley.

  
• what is a ribbon lake and how does it form

  A ribbon lake is a large, narrow lake occupying a U-shaped valley. It forms in a hollow when a glacier has more deeply eroded less resistant rock or it may fill up a valley behind a wall of moraine across the valley.

  
• what is a moraine and how does it form

  As the glacier moves down the mountain the air gets warmer. This causes the glacier to begin to melt. At this point everything carried by the glacier is deposited. This material is known as moraine.

  
• what is an erratic and how does it form

  A large rock fragment transported by ice away from its place of origin.

  
• benefits of tourism in a cold country

  brings in high tax income and economical benefits
• downsides of tourism in cold countries

  not many year round activities

  goes quiet in summer

  residents only have jobs in the summer (seasonal employment)

  affordable housing (people buy second homes in chamonix and therefore because of low paying jobs people cannot afford to stay there)

  environmental challenges (mass tourism, huge growth in traffic, many arrive by car -more carbon emissions -)
• What is a 4-figure grid reference?

  the number of the x axis square and then the y axis square

  e.g. 45(x axis)32(y axis)
• what is a 6-figure grid refernce

  the number of the x axis and then (if you split that square into 10ths) how far along it would be. same for the y axis

  e.g. 20(x axis)2(10ths of x axis)32(y axis)8(10th of y axis)
• scale on OS maps

  says at the bottom
• what is primary data

  information collected for the specific purpose at hand
• what is secondary data

  information that already exists somewhere, having been collected for another purpose
• adv + dis of primary data

  adv: suited to your experiment, can choose scale

  dis: not enough equipment - more chance of something going wrong
• adv + dis of secondary data

  adv: have the right equipment, less chance of something gone wrong

  dis: cant choose scale, cant control experiment, cannot suit it for your experiment