Biology topic 4 ( heart,lungs,digestive system)

• What enzymes catalyse digestion of starch?

  Amylase
• Wheres amylase produced ?

  pancreas (as every digestive enzyme is) and salivary glands (mouth )
• What enzyme catalyses digestion of protein ? 


  Protease
• Wheres protease produced? 


  Pancreas, small intestine, stomach
• What enzymes are used to digest lipids?

  lipase
• Wheres lipase produced ?

  pancreas, small intestine
• Structure of veins 


  -Large lumen

  -Thin wall

  -have valves to ensure blood is flowing in the right way
• Function of veins


  Carries deoxygnated blood back to the heart.
• Structure of arteties


  -thick walls ( as has to withstand high pressures)

  -small lumen
• Breathing steps


  1.mouth

  2.down the trachea

  3.lungs

  4.bronchi

  5.bronchioles
• what happens in the alveolis

  Gas exchange
• How is alveoli adapted for its function

  -thin walls, help with diffusion

  -permeable walls allow gases to go through
• What do platelets do


  Clot when theres a wound to prevent blood loss
• What does plasma do 


  Plasma is a liquid in blood which transport materials in blood eg hormones, nutrients, proteins
• Whats the function of bile

  -Neutralises hydraulic acid from stomach

  -emulsifies fat droplets to make them small with a large surface area
• Wheres bile produced 


  Produced - liver
• Where are ALL enzymes produced?

  pancreas
• Red blood cells shape?

  bi-concave disc. large surface area to volume ratio
• Whats anomaly?


  When in a pattern, something stands out.
• How to deal with anomalies

  -Repeat

  -have a wide sample size
• Esophagous

  A muscular tube connecting stomach and mouth
• Gall bladder

  Stores bile under the liver.
• What does bile do

  Emulsifies fat
• Order of respiratory system

  1.mouth

  2.trachea

  3.bronchi

  4.bronchioles

  5.alveoli
• What feature does trachea have

  cartilage rings give strength and prevent it form collapsing during inhalation
• The heart pumps deoxyganated air to the lungs. The air flows back to the heart (oxygenated) where its pumped around the body
• Adaptations of alveoli

  -Thin walls

  -Large surface area

  -Good oxygen supply
• Epidermal tissues


  Made up of epidermal cells
• theres upper and lower epidermal tissues
• Upper epidermal tissues 


  -Transparent (so that the light can go through)

  -Waxy layer to prevent water loss and it drying out
• Lower epidermal tissues 


  -Contain stomata (tiny pores that let co2 enter and o leave)
• Palisade mesophyll
• Spongy mesophyll
• Stomata .
• Xylem tissue


  Transports water from the roots to the leaves and stem.
• Phloem tissue 


  Transport dissolved sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant
• Translocation


  When minerals are transported through the phloem cells
• two types of tumors

  benign (doesnt spread) malignant (spread)
• benign tumors are kept in a membrane