Hazards case study

• what happened in the boxing day tsunami (2004)


  9.15 magnitude

  14 countries affected (indonesia, malaysia)
• what were the primary impacts of boxing day tsunami?


  total 230,000 killed

  $14b damage

  coral reefs & wetlands destroyed
• what were secondary impacts of boxing day tsunami?

  80% tourism decrease in phuket

  salinisation

  cholera
• what were responses to boxing day tsunami?

  $7000 pp

  education improved

  UN provided 218 T of food

  $14 b raises internationally

  Indian ocean early warning system -15min
• what were causes of black saturday 2009?


  400 fires by falling powerlines & arson

  lightning & cigarettes

  heat wave 43-43

  slow moving high pressure system
• what were the impacts of black sat?

  173 death

  3500 properties destroyed

  450,000 ha burned

  $4.4 b
• what were immediate responses to black sat?


  red cross £380 mill

  salvation army - 50000 meals

  £23 million nationally
• long term responses black sat?


  new uni of Melbourne course on fire behavior

  new fire hazard 6 tier scale risk
• what is smoky bear?

  One of the most successful strategies in order to decrease fire risk is through education. The US Forest Service have since 1944 promoted the 'Smokey Bear' advertising program through which they aim to teach citizens of their own responsibilities not only in dealing with fires when they occur, but also preventing them in the first place. It is estimated that 9in10 wildfire events are at least of partial human origin through activities such as camp sites, deforestation, smoking, arson etc... Such educational initiatives can be highly effective in ensuring that the general population is prepared, equipped and knowledgeable of the risks of fire events.
• what happened at E-15 volcano?


  composite volcano on mid-Atlantic ridge and constructive plate margin.

  3 VEI
• what were the primary impacts of E-15?

  Ash covered sky destroyed crops & flights.

  lost £130m a day

  0 deaths
• what were the secondary impacts of E-15?

  food imports and exports stopped - fish

  water contamination with fluoride

  lahars - flooding

  Kenya lost 5000 workers due to export loss

  $1.3m / day lost in flower exports from Kenya
• what were some positive impacts of E-15

  2.8 mill tonnes of CO2 release prevented

  Eurostar passengers inc by 5000

  Ash deposited Iron into North Atlantic triggering plankton bloom

  Tourism inc by 200000
• what were responses to E-15?

  500 evac

  Red cross helpers

  secondary- 700 evac for flood

  - EU developed integrated structure for air traffic managment
• give details about Monserrat 95 volcano

  16 km long volcano 10km wide.

  N+S American plates subduct under Caribbean. Right of cuba and Haiti

  island arcs form

  only £2800 a year per house

  most ppl live by volcano
• what were primary impacts of Monserrat


  19 killed

  ash falls- respiratory issues

  pyro flows buried houses destroyed crops and airports

  lava flows into sea killing reefs
• what were secondary impacts of Monserrat

  7% to 50% unemployement rates

  no trade

  acid rain from sulfur

  global warming

  vegetation decreased by ash, wildlife dies
• what were the immediate responses to Monserrat


  warning systems and evacuation to UK and USA-12000

  $41 mill emergency aid from UK
• long term responses to Monserrat


  Scientist monitoring and out of bounds 10 years later.

  $75 million for development from UK

  3 year programme costing $122.8 million
• what happened at typhoon Haiyan 2013

  category 5 typhoon in Philippines by Taclobanbrought gusts of wind of up to 275 km/h (170 mph) and waves as high as 15m (45ft).
• what were primary impacts of typhoon Haiyan

  6400 died

  4.1 m homeless

  90% of Tacloban destroyed

  $12 billion damage

  1.1 mil homes destroyed

  1.1 mil tonnes of crops destroyed
• what were secondary impacts of typhoon haiyan


  800000 L oil leak contamination water

  surface & groundwater contamination
• What were immediate responses for typhoon Haiyan 2013


  800000 evacuated

  1 mill food packs 250000 L water in 2 weeks

  $1.5b foreign aid

  33 countries help - $89 mill
• What were long term responses for typhoon Haiyan 2013


  'build back better'

  no build zone along coast

  new storm surge warning system

  Mangroves planted
• how is Philippines vulnerable to hazards?


  group of 7000 islands in the South ­China Sea in South­East Asia. It has a vulnerable population of98 million peoplewho are at risk from a variety of hazards, including11 million people in the densely populated coastally situated megacity of Manila, the capital.Landslide disaster riskhas increased as the pressures of an increasing population have led todeforestationof upland areas for agriculture​, whichreduces interception (increased lag­time) and water table capacity (decreasing potential levels of infiltration).●Settlements have been built in vulnerable arease​.g. Angeles near Mount Pinatubo when it was classified as dormant (not erupted since 1830) before eruption in 1991.●Widespread economic deprivation/poverty​means the Philippines have a low capacity to cope,as the can’t afford to build stable hazard­proof infrastructure, provide special educational programmes to citizens, provide mitigation disasters kits to all the population or respond quickly to disasters in the quantity needed. GDP per capita is $3300 in the Philippines compared to $53 000 in the USA
• what made typhoon haiyan even worse?


  as multi- hazardous- still recovering from December 2010 floods in Eastern Philippines following heavy rainfall, which resulted in displacing 450,000 people in 19 provinces, killing 25.
• what was the vulnerability and exposure of Hurricane sandy


  27,000 people per square mile (New York city)​

  $ 72,965 (New York State) GDP for the State​

  Literacy rate 78% ​

  3.5 doctors per 1000 people ​
• what were the primary impacts of hurricane sandy


  Deaths: Haiti= 54, Canada= 11, USA 111​

  Haiti- Food shortages, 1.5 million people at risk, homelessness, 70-80% crops destroyed,

  USA: 2 million without power, airports closed, 18,000 cancelled flights

  6-7 storm surges and high tide ​

  ​
• what were the secondary impacts of hurricane sandy?


  £24 million to replace food

  stock exchange closed for 2 days ​

  Canada: 15,000 swept away, electricity, 2600 hectares of bananas​

  caused $71 billion in damages
• what were the immediate responses to Sandy?


  in poorer countries like Haiti there was insufficient management and at the time the country was still trying to recover from an earthquake in 2010- set them back further. ​

  The USA, a richer country, invested more management:​

  Satellite images and weather instruments- The National Hurricane Centre in Miami predicted and monitored the path of Hurricane Sandy. The Centre was able to issue warnings ​

  Barack Obama, appealed to people to stay calm and out of harm's way. ​

  Learning from the mistakes of Hurricane Katrina- US government passed a relief bill for US $48 billion for states affected​

  the police evacuated hundreds of thousands of people from low-lying coastal areas most vulnerable to Hurricane Sandy ​

  Schools and public transport services closed down and many flights were cancelled​

  people temporarily relocated to evacuation centres such as schools and community centre
• what were long term responses to sandy?

  Investments made in flood prevention and coastal protection schemes such as sea walls
• give details of Haiti earthquake 2010


  7 magnitude1.6 mi from port- au prince capitalconservative plate boundary between north american and caribbean plateShallow focus - 13kmGDP per capita $343.89HDI 0.456
• What were the primary impacts of Haiti earthquake?


  220,000 died

  300000 injured

  1 mill homeless, 2ml displaced

  280000 buildings collapsed

  $8.5 bn damages
• What were the secondary impacts of Haiti earthquake?

  2 mill no water food

  regular power cuts

  temporary shelters

  cholera outbreak 10 months later - 9000 died
• what were the immediate responses of Haiti earthquake?


  slow aid due to port damage

  USA sent rescue teams and 10000 troops

  water purification provided

  235000 moved away from port-au-prince

  £20 mill from UK gov

  Hope for haiti' TV raised $58 mill in few days
• what were the long term responses of Haiti earthquake?

  relied on exogenous aid as LIC

  1 mill+ still lived in shelters a year later

  new homes built to higher standard

  $13.5 bn aid pledged - 100 nations world wide
• why was the Haiti earthquake so awful?

  shallow depth (8.1mi)

  densely pop (3 mill)

  poor building codes not earthquake resistant

  one airport - port unusable -slow aid

  48 hrs for rescue team to arrive

  shortage of doctors

  MULTIHAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT

  Storm IKE & HANNA in 2008 killed 600 people
• Give details about Tōhoku Japan 2011 Earthquake

  9 Richter scale

  HDI 0.915 - a lot higher than Haiti

  GDP - $40,500
• what were the primary impacts of Japan Tōhoku earthquake

  15,900 dead, 6,100 injured, 2,500 people missing.

  121,000 buildings "totally collapsed", 280,000 "half collapsed", 700,000 "partially damaged."

  Due to the rapid onset, there was limited time to evacuate 400,000 people, so many were stranded along the coast.
• what were the secondary impacts of the Japan earthquake?

  The tsunami caused nuclear accidents inFukushima.Heavy damage to infrastructure, road and railway transport arteries, including the Tōhoku shinkansen high speed railway.$235 B in total damages owing to the disaster. 4.4 million houses left without electricity, 1.5 million without working water.Land subsidence and abnormally high tides felt as far away as Chile. All Japanese ports, and most airports were closed across Japan except for emergency movements.