Periodic table

• Element

  Substance made of only one type of atom
• Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist arranged the already discovered elements into a Periodic Table


  1869
• Mendeleev's Periodic Table

  • He arranged the elements in order of Increasing atomic mass
  • He placed elements of similar properties in the same vertical columns
  • Vertical columns were called groups
  • Horizontal rows were called Periods
  • He left spaces for elements not yet discovered, deciding their position by predicting their properties with amazing accuracy
• Mass Number


  Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
• Atomic Number

  Total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• Group


  A vertical column in the Periodic Table. Elements in a Group share similar properties and are considered to be members of the same family.
• Period

  A horizontal row in the Periodic Table. They are not families of elements. It can be thought of as a cross-section of elements across the Periodic Table-going from reactive metals in Group I to unreactive non-metals in Group 0.
• Mendeleev's periodic table


  Arranged elements by increasing atomic mass, placed elements of similar properties in vertical columns
• Modern periodic table

  Has groups, transition metals, noble gases, actinides
• Properties of Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids

  • Metals: Electrical conductor, Thermal conductor, Sonorous, Malleable, Ductile, High melting and boiling points
  • Non-Metals: Not electrical or thermal conductors, Not sonorous, Not malleable or ductile, Low melting and boiling points
• Group 1 (Alkali Metals)

  • Lithium
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Rubidium
  • Cesium
  • Francium
• Physical Properties of Group 1 Metals

  • Solids at room temperature
  • High melting and boiling points, increase down the group
  • Soft metals, easily cut with a knife
  • Shiny when freshly cut, but tarnish quickly
  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Less dense than water, so float on water
• Compound


  A pure substance made from two different atoms, chemically bonded
• mixture


  Two or more substances mixed, but not joined that, can’t be easily separated
• melting point


  The temperature a solid turns to a liquid
• A formulation 


  A mixture designed as a useful product. It is formed by mixing several substances in carefully measured quantities so the product has the desired properties eg medicine, fertilizer
• Solute 


  The solid that disolves
• solvent


  liquid which solid disolves in
• solid mpt/bpt


  Above 20c
• liquid mpt/bpt


  Bpt above 20c

  mpt bellow 20c
• covalent bonding 


  non-metals only
• ionic bonding 


  metals & non metals
• metallic bonding 


  metals only
• example of giant molecular

  diamond,graphite,graphine
• equation for relative atomic mass

  (mass number x abundance) X( mass number x abundance)

  ————————————————————————————

  total abundance (100)
• anion ?


  Negatively charged ion
• cation


  postivly charged ion
• proton ?


  charge = +

  mass= 1

  location = nucleus
• electron 


  charge = -

  mass=1/1840

  location = shells
• what is a ion


  charged particles formed when an atom gains or. losses electrons to achieve a full outer shell
• neutron 


  charge= 0

  mass=1

  location = nucleus
• lithium flame color 


  crimson
• copper flame color


  green/blue
• sodium flame color 


  yellow / orange
• calcium flame color 


  brick red
• chromatography rf value 


  distance moved by spot

  ——————————————

  distance moved by solvent
• what does a separating funnel separate

  2 immiscible liquids (oil &water)
• What does distillation separate

  A solvent from solution

  (water from salt water)
• what does evaporation separate

  dissolved substances from a solution

  (salt from salt water)
• what does filtration separate

  a solid from a solution (sand from water)