Health and Social-Unit 1

• Environmental Factors


  • Exposure to pollution-respiratory disorders, cardiovascular problems, allergies
  • Poor Housing conditions-respiratory disorders, cardiovascular problems, hypothermia, anxiety + depression
• Access to health social care service

  • Availability of transport
  • Opening hours
  • Ability to understand the needs and requirements of particular services
• Schaffert Emerson-Attachment Emotional


  Studied 60 families at monthly intervals for the first 18 months of life in the homes. Crafted a regular pattern in the development of attachment
• Feeding and changing the child


  Not the most important act in forming attachments
• Caregiver-child interactions


  Key to attachment
• Secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty
• Female secondary sexual characteristics

  • Breasts develop
  • Pubic hair grows in a complex pattern
  • Redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen
• Male secondary sexual characteristics

  • Changes in larynx (Adam's apple) causing voice to deepen
  • Facial hair grows
  • Redistribution of muscle tissue
• Primary sexual characteristics develop during puberty
• Female primary sexual characteristics

  • Uterus enlarges and the vagina lengthens
  • Ovaries begin to release eggs
  • Menstrual cycle commences
• Male primary sexual characteristics

  • Enlargement of penis
  • Spontaneous erections may happen
  • Testicles begin to produce sperm, beginning of ejaculation
• Disruptions in attachment


  Can lead to anxiety, depression, and longer-term difficulties
• Separation from parent


  Can impact a child's sense of identity and lead to distress
• Stages of cognitive development do not account for individual differences in development
• Emphasis on active learning aligns with modern pedagogical approaches and promotes student engagement
• Limited emphasis on social factors does not fully address the influence of social interactions and cultural factors on learning
• Underestimation of children's abilities can lead to limitations in understanding the extent of children's cognitive capacities
• John Bowlby's theory of attachment


  Refers to a deep, enduring bond that connects a child to their primary caregiver
• Bowlby believed children were biologically programmed to form attachments, and that infancy is a critical period for forming positive attachments
• In early adulthood (19-45 years), individuals reach full height, strength, reaction time, and manual dexterity
• In early adulthood, adults may gradually lose some physical capabilities due to the biological process of aging
• Stress-diathesis model


  Helps explain how stress caused by life events can interact with an individual's genetic vulnerability to impact their mental wellbeing
• Perimenopause


  The period leading up to menopause when the ovaries gradually stop producing eggs
• Bandura's social learning theory


  Proposes that we learn our behaviour by imitating and modeling those around us
• Bandura demonstrated through the Bobo doll experiment that children will copy aggressive behaviour they observe in adults
• Gesell's maturation theory


  Proposes that development is primarily determined by biological factors rather than the environment
• Gesell used one-way mirrors to observe children's development without disturbing them
• Gesell's theory provides a framework for predicting the typical sequence of developmental milestones, but may not account for individual differences
• Bandura's social learning theory suggests that positive role models will encourage positive behaviour, which is useful for caregivers and teachers
• Bandura's theory does not always explain how learned behaviours are maintained without continued reinforcement
• Chomsky's theory of universal grammar proposes that humans have an innate capacity for language acquisition, which enables rapid language learning in early childhood
• Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments, which helps them survive
• Types of attachment

  • Secure
  • Avoidant
  • Anxious-avoidant/ambivalent, insecure
• Cumming and Henry's social disengagement theory

  As you age, you disengage from social activities and relationships
• Bowlby's theory highlights the importance of attachment, but overlooks the role of other caregivers in a child's emotional development
• Bowlby's theory has predictive power in explaining relationships and mental health outcomes, but has limited consideration of cultural and environmental factors
• Endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (including the adrenal medulla), pancreas, ovaries/testes, and pineal gland.

  
• The main function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel throughout the body.

  
• Glucose, amino acids and vitamins are actively transported back into the blood by the proximal convoluted tubule
• The main function of the endocrine system is to regulate metabolism, growth, development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.