pt2

• The British government put an end to the practice of slavery on March 25, 1807
• England's cotton came from the forced labor of slaves on plantations in the American south in the 1790s
• Removing seeds from the raw cotton by hand was hard work
• Cotton Gin


  A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to speed up the process of removing seeds from raw cotton
• American cotton production skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810
• Steam engine


  A source of power that was developed through progress in the textile industry
• In 1765, James Watt figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel
• Robert Fulton made the first successful steamboat, the Clermont, that ferried passengers up and down the Hudson River in New York
• In England, water transportation improved with the creation of a network of canals (human made waterways)
• By the mid 1800s, 4,250 miles of inland channels greatly reduced the cost of transporting raw materials
• Macadam


  A method of paving roads invented by Scottish engineer John McAdam, using large stones in road beds for drainage and a smoothed layer of crushed rock on top
• Entrepreneurs invested in road construction and created turnpikes, in which travelers could pay a toll to ride over these specially cared for private roads
• George Stephenson


  An early railroad engineer who built some 20 engines for mine operations in northern England and began work on the world's first railroad line in 1821
• In 1825, the railroad opened, using four locomotives that Stephenson had designed and built
• The Liverpool-Manchester Railway officially opened in 1830 and was an immediate success
• Railroads


  • They spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products
  • They created thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners
  • They boosted England's agriculture and fishing industries by allowing them to transport products to distant cities
  • They encouraged country people to take distant city jobs and lured city dwellers to the countryside
• After 1800, the balance shifted toward cities as the growth of the factory system brought waves of jobseekers to cities and towns
• Major new industrial centers sprang up between the coal rich area of southern Wales and the Clyde River valley in Scotland, with the biggest centers developing in England
• Birmingham and Sheffield became iron smelting centers, while Leeds and Manchester dominated textile manufacturing
• England's cities lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection for the people who poured in from the countryside seeking jobs
• Most of the unpaved streets had no drains and collected heaps of garbage, and workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowded into one bedroom
• Cholera epidemics regularly spread through the slums of Great Britain's industrial cities, and a British government study in 1842 showed an average life span of 17 years for working class people in one large city, compared with 38 years in a nearby rural city
• Factory Owners wanted to keep their machines running for as many hours a day as possible, resulting in the average worker spending 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week
• Factories were seldom well lit or clean, and machines injured workers in countless ways, with the most dangerous conditions found in coal mines
• Poor workers saw little improvement in their own living and working conditions, and protest groups known as Luddites were known to destroy machines in factories, then demand higher wages and shorter work hours
• Positive effects of the Industrial Revolution

  • It created jobs for workers
  • It contributed to the wealth of the nation
  • It fostered technological progress and invention
  • It greatly increased the production of goods and raised the standard of living
  • It provided the hope of improvement in people's lives
• The middle and upper classes prospered immediately, while for the workers it took longer, but their lives gradually improved during the 1800s as labor won higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions
• Quakers in Great Britain and Pennsylvania were condemning the institution of slavery


  1760s
• British government put an end to the practice of slavery

  March 25, 1807
• England's cotton came from the forced labor of slaves on plantations in the American south in the 1790s
• Removing seeds from raw cotton


  Hard work
• Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin


  1793
• Cotton Gin


  Machine to speed up the removal of seeds from raw cotton
• Cotton Gin invention


  Multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned
• American cotton production skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810
• Railroads


  • Spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products
  • Created thousands of new jobs for railroad workers and miners
  • Boosted England's agriculture and fishing industries by allowing them to transport products to distant cities
  • Made travel easier, encouraging country people to take distant city jobs and luring city dwellers to the countryside
• The railroad boom created thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners who provided iron for the tracks and coal for the steam engines
• Like a locomotive racing across the country

  The Industrial Revolution brought rapid and unsettling changes to people's lives