Pr exam

• Research Design


  It is the process of transforming a research concept into a

  research project or plan that can then be carried out in practice by a research or

  research team.
• Follow-up after an interview.


  Thank the interviewee after the session and

  honor their requests such as copy of the abstract. In cases that a follow-up is

  needed in order to clarify some points raised during the interview session, the

  interviewees must be notified
• Ethnography


  This type of qualitative research design focuses on

  understanding human behavior in the cultural context in which it is embedded.
• Basic Information about the Interview


  It includes the time and date of the

  interview, where the interview takes place, and who the participants to be

  interviewed are.
• To describe a culture's characteristics


  Purpose of ethnographic research
• Phenomenology


  This method of qualitative analysis aims to investigate a

  phenomenon or a person's experiences.
• Introduction


  This provides instructions to the interviewer which will serve

  as his/her guide in conducting the session. It is a prerequisite that the

  interviewer introduce himself/herself including the objectives of the research.
• To describe experiences as they are lived


  Purpose of Phenomenology
• Grounded Theory


  an approach that generates and modifies a theory about

  the processes (social action or scene) that are being studied in a natural

  environment. This is particularly useful in areas where little is known or where

  a fresh viewpoint is needed
• Opening Question


  This is about getting to know participants so they will feel

  at ease. Questions related to their work or activities are good opening questions.

  Very personal questions must be avoided.
• used in discovering what problems exist in a social science and people

  handled them - Involves formulation, testing, and development of propositions

  until a theory is developed


  Purpose of Grounded Theory
• Case Study


  are useful if you want to learn more in-depth and precise

  information about a situation, a group of people, or a person
• Content Questions


  These are sub-questions based on the central

  phenomenon being studied.
• gives an in-depth description on the experiences of one person, family,

  group, community, or institution

  Purpose of Case Study
• Historical research


  - is employed by researchers who are interested in reporting

  events and/or conditions that occurred in the past. An attempt is made to

  establish facts in order to arrive at conclusions concerning past events or predict

  future events. (Key, 1997) The historical approach describes how historians

  conduct research and write histories in the form of accounts of the past using

  primary sources and other facts, such as archeological evidence.
• Closing Instructions.


  Thank the interviewee for his/her time.
• Describe and examine events of the past to understand the present

  and anticipate potential future effects

  purpose of Historical research
• Narrative Analysis


  involves telling stories about people's experiences and the

  significance they derive from them. This is a powerful tool for

  accessing and analyzing emotions, thoughts, and experiences.

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• Usability


  refers to the ease with which an instrument can be administered,

  interpreted by the participant, and scored/interpreted by the researcher
• Population


  generally a large collection of individuals or objects that is the

  main focus of a scientific query.
• Validity


  It is the extent to which an instrument measures what it is supposed

  to measure and performs as it is designed to perform. It can be external validity

  or content validity.
• Sample


  refers to a portion or part of the population that is representative of

  the population from which it was selected.
• External Validity


  the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized

  from a sample to a population
• APA


  commonly used format to cite sources within the social sciences
• Content Validity


  the appropriateness of the content to an instrument
• Probability


  Every member of the population has a known chance of

  participating in the study.
• Reliability


  It can be thought of as consistency. There are four types of

  reliability.
• Non-Probability


  Not each member has a chance to participate in the study
• Rigor


  It is associated with openness, scrupulous adherence to a philosophical

  perspective, thoroughness in collecting data, and thoroughness in the

  consideration of all the data.
• SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING


  It is the purest form under the probability approach since it provides equal

  chances of being picked for each member of the target population.

  One way to do it is through lottery method
• PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION


  In this method, the researcher immerses

  himself/herself in the natural setting of the research participant and involve the

  researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of what is happening.

  Techniques for collecting data through observation:

  a. Written descriptions

  b. Video recording

  c. Photographs and artifacts

  d. Documentation
• SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING


  A list of every member of the population is created and from that list, the

  first sample element is randomly selected from the first k element on the

  population list.
• FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEW


  6 to 8 persons participate in the interview in

  which critical issues or sensitive ones can be more freely discussed.
• STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING


  It involves the use of "stratum", or a subset of the target population

  wherein the members possess one or more common attribute.

  With stratified sampling, the population is divided into groups, based on

  some characteristics. Then within each group, a probability sample is selected.
• OBSERVATIONAL EVALUATION


  The researcher may or may not participate

  in the activities of the group being observed. But mostly, observes and records

  both the verbal and non-verbal behavior of a person or a group of persons.
• CLUSTER SAMPLING


  In cluster sampling, every member of the population is assigned to one,

  and only one, group. Each group is called a "cluster".

  A sample cluster is chosen, using a probability method. Only individuals

  within sampled clusters are surveyed.
• BIOGRAPHY/AUTOBIOGRAPHY


  Personal biographies or diaries offer a rich

  source of data or evidence that can shed light or provide tentative answers to

  research questions.
• MULTISTAGE SAMPLING


  It uses the combinations of the different sampling methods. (StarTrek, 2017)

  ​
• Research Methodology


  is a description of how exactly you will conduct your

  research. This section usually includes the research design/method,

  participants of the study, instrumentation, data gathering procedure and data

  processing procedure.
• QUOTA SAMPLING


  It identifies strata like stratified sampling, but it also uses a convenience

  sampling approach as the researcher will be the one to choose the necessary

  number of participants per stratum.

  Typically, the researcher is attempting to gather data from a certain

  number of participants that meet certain characteristics.