Renal function

• What is the GFR

  The glomerular filtration rate. It is used to investigate kidney function.
• Define renal function

  The failure of the primary function of the kidney. It is observed by a reduction in GFR
• What is the primary function of the kidney

  Excretion
• What is the result of a decreased GFR

  Less urea and creatinine is excreted
• What is creatinine

  A waste product from creatine use as an energy source in the muscles
• What is uraemia

  Increased serum urea
• How are creatinine and urea detected

  In serum
• What are the clinical findings of a reduced GFR


  Increased serum urea and creatinine.
• What type of issue is hypotension which causes a reduced GRF

  Prerenal
• What type of issue is glomerulonephritis which causes a reduced GRF

  Renal
• What is Glomulerus inflammation called

  glomerulonephritis
• What type of issue is obstruction which causes a reduced GRF


  postrenal
• What are the main causes of kidney failure

  Diabetes.

  Hypertension.

  Glomerulonephritis.
• What is erythropoietin production

  It is a hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production
• How is vitamin D produced

  By hydroxylation in the liver and kidney
• Why is insulin used to monitor GFR

  It is neither absorbed or secreted by the kidney.
• What are the units for creatinine clearance

  ml / min
• What is CrCl

  Creatinine clearance
• What is the equation for creatinine clearance

  Creatinine excreted / time OR (Urine Cr * volume) / (Plasma Cr * Time).
• How is creatinine measured

  Creatinine is reacted with picric acid in an alkaline medium to produce an orange complex. and the absorbance is measured
• What is the MDRD equation

  Modification of diet in renal disease. It is used to calculate GFR by using correction factors for sex and race.
• What are the correction factors used in the MDRD

  0.742 is used for females.

  1.21 is used for African-Americans
• What are the units for the MDRD equation

  (ml / min) / 1.73 m2
• What is the equation for the MDRD

  186 * Creatinine serum -1.154 * Age -0.203 * 0.742 (Female) * 1.21 (Black)
• What does a GFR > 90 indicate

  Kidney damage with a normal GFr
• What does a GFR of 60 -89 mean

  Kidney damage with a mildly low GFR
• What does a GFR of 30 - 59 mean

  Kidney damage with moderately low GFR
• What does a GFR of 15 - 29 mean

  Severely low GFR
• What does a GFR < 15 mean

  Kidney failure [End stage renal disease]
• .What is the GFR of Stage CKD

  > 90
• What is the GFR for stage two kidney disease

  60 - 89
• What is the GFR for stage 3 CKD

  30 - 59
• What is the GFR for stage 4 CKD

  15 - 29
• What is the GFR for stage 5 CKD

  < 15
• When is MDRD best used

  To estimate low GFR values