Chronic kidney disease

• What is the relationship between diabetes and CKD

  Diabetes damages small blood vessels in the kidney and other organs.

  This allows proteins to leak into the urine.

  The ability to filter waste decreases causing waste buildup.

  This can cause kidney failure which may require dialysis or a transplant for treatment.
• What are the structural changes in the glomerulus for diabetes mellitus

  Denuding and thickening of the basement membrane.

  Foot processes fuse, and so podocytes are lost.

  Mesangial matrix expands.
• What is the effect of structural changes to the kidney in DM

  Large positively charge proteins are excreted in the urine.
• What proteins are excreted in DM

  Albumin.

  Bence-jones protein.

  Myoglobin and haemoglobin.
• How much albumin is normally excreted in the urine in 24 hours

  less than 30 mg
• What is microalbuminuria

  The precense of 30 - 300 mg of albumin in the urine in 24 hours.
• What is macroalbuminuria

  The precense of > 300 mg of albumin in the urine in 24 hours.
• What are the main kidney complications in DM

  Anaemia.

  Bone and mineral metabolism.

  Retinopathy.

  neuropathy.
• What is the relashionsihp between CKD and CVD

  Atherosclerotic plaques form in the carotid artery of patients with CKD.