Unit 6: Imperialism (notes & quizlet)

• Imperialism


  A country building an empire in foreign countries through direct rule, indirect rule, or economic dominance
• Industrial Revolution led to overcrowding of cities, pollution, increased crime, and growing gap between the rich and poor
• Industrialism meant growing countries needed more food for the industrial process, such as food for their growing population and markets to sell their finished goods
• Industrial Revolution lead to empire building
• Causes of Imperialism


  • Culture
  • Nationalism
  • Economics
• Consequences of Imperialism


  • Rebellion
  • New labor systems
  • Migrations
• White Man's Burden


  European powers believed in the superiority of their culture and felt duty-bound to share their superior culture
• Missionaries converting the world, establishing schools, teaching religion, math, and science, and building hospitals, and through writings/interventions helped abolished slave trade
• Social Darwinism


  Survival of the fittest, strong nations should eat weak nations
• Nationalism


  When a group of people share a strong sense of identity and become devoted to a single state, a feeling of superiority over other states and can lead to racism
• After loss of American colonies, Britain established colonies worldwide, the "Sun Never Sets" on Great Britain
• France had colonies in North Africa (Algeria), West Africa (Senegal), Indochina (SE Asia)
• Japan in the late 1800s encouraged on Korea, bothered China, lead to Sino-Japanese war, due to Earlier Meiji Restoration, easily beat China, Korea became their colony
• Rationales for Imperialism: Economics


  Industrialization led to hunger for more raw materials and needed markets to sell goods
• Britain, Dutch, and French had trade agreements with India, East Indies, and East Africa, had rights to establish and defend trading posts, led to raising armies and conquering territory
• In the 1st half of the 19th century, Britain had the richest economy, later the U.S challenged it
• Most of 1800s European influence in Africa were trading posts, late 1800s Europeans wanted more
• Britain first had diplomatic agreements in Africa, but then took more by force (since Africans wouldn't agree to more imperialism willingly)
• France overthrew Ottomans from Algeria and settled, France, Spain, Italians also had colonies in Algeria
• Otto von Bismarck calls Berlin Conference, Europeans divided up Africa for themselves- problematic since boundaries fell between united Africans and combined rival groups
• King Leopold II into Congo claimed it as his own (not the state's, but his private land), grew rich through brutality, forced labor to extract ivory and rubber, 8 million died, 1908- Belgian state took his colony and somewhat improved conditions
• Britain conquered India with own troops and recruited Sepoys (local Indians)
• China struggled due to internal rebellions and natural disasters, so Europeans took advantage of a weaker China and demanded trading rights, European powers divided up China into "spheres of influence"
• Meiji restoration made Japan powerful enough to conquer Korea, parts of Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, and parts of China, wanted raw materials
• Dutch East India Company had some dominance, but eventually collapsed from corruption, Dutch government then took all colonial holdings
• British sent convicts to Australia and established it as a penal colony, 1820s-British conquered all Australia, discovered copper, wool, and non-convicts made it into a regular colony
• Settler colony established by British in New Zealand, relocated native Maori to live in a separate colony, New Zealand wars between British vs. Maori (Maori Lost)
• Americans urged to push westward within own continent (Manifest Destiny), Americans believed that they had the rights to take land (expand westward)
• 1830- American congress passed Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears: mass migration of natives from east to midwest, 4,000 Cherokee of cold, hunger, disease
• Catherine II won half of Poland from the Ottomans, Alexander I annexed Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Finland, Armenia, large chunk of Manchuria (China), for commerce
• British won US territory from French and Indian War (7 Years War), all lands West of the Proclamation Line: Ohio River Valley reserved for natives, British forbidden from setting there, Colonists disagreed and settled there anyway
• Cherokee assimilated to American culture: Constitutional government modeled after US Constitution, Dressed western and adopted other American customs, Gold discovered on Cherokee land- Congress passed Indian Removal Act sending all Cherokee to reservations in Oklahoma (Trail of Tears)
• Resistance movement: Ghost Dance, Indians believed in prophecy their ancestors would return to drive the white men out, Culminated in battle of Wounded Knee (1890) Sioux lost of Americans and ended Indian Wars
• Tupac Amaru II: A caique (hereditary leader), led an armed revolt against the Spanish colonial rulers in Peru, Arrested colonial leader and charged him with cruelty, Spanish rebellion lead to retaliation among other Spanish natives, Amaru captured and executed, Last major native revolt against Spain
• Benito Juarez in power in Mexico, Descended of Zapotec (pre-Columbian), Liberal and hated foreign influence (such as France), Conservative government members didn't like his liberalism and used intrusion by the French to unseat Juarez, Conspired with EU powers to oust Juarez with French occupation, For 3 years Mexicans resisted and ousted French
• 1788 British penal colony and settlers eventually came in Australia, British government told settlers to be kind to aboriginal people (weren't protected by law), Australian Frontier Wars: Regardless, settlers began to push onto native lands, natives resisted, British military won and thousands of natives died
• South Africa: native Xhosa refused EU rule for 40 years- Xhosa cattle began to die, Xhosa believed cattle infected with EU disease, so killed 40,000 of their own cattle, hoping cattle's spirits would drive the EU out, Instead the Xhosa starved, grew weak, and EU won
• Wassoulou Empire (1868) established by chieftain Samory Toure in West Africa, Resisted French in Samory Toure's War, but French won, Asante Empire attempted to defend golden stool from British, British won and warrior queen, Yaa Asantewaa exiled, Empire became part of Gold Coast colony
• Balkans long ruled by Ottoman Empire, Resentment against Ottoman's grew in Greece, Serbia Bulgaria- Nationalism led to rebellion and states gained their independence
• Sepoy Rebellion- 1857, Sepor's (Indian soldiers serving under British order) rebelled against British soldiers once they learned their muskets were greased with pig fat, Against their religion to eat pig's fat and muskets had to be pulled off with their mouths, British won, Mughal ruler exiled, thousands of Indians died, Indiana became an official British colony