Lesson 2

• Antecedent


  A precursor to the unfolding or existence of something
• Knowledge of the history of science and technology is useful in appraising these innovations today
• Paradigm shift


  In science, it is a change in the basic idea or concept usually caused by new discovery/ies that no longer conforms the old concept. This change/s can also be influenced by the social, political, cultural, economic and other factors
• Sir Isaac Newton: '"If I have seen further than others, It is by standing on the shoulders of giants."'
• Scientific discoveries from ancient times had laid the foundation that our modern-day scientists used as patterns for the new discoveries
• Scientists owe their achievements from the works of their older counter parts
• Ancient civilizations


  • Advances in science and technology allowed them to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self organization, and of living in general
• The Antikythera mechanism was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes. It was invented by Greek scientists between 150-100 ВС
• The aeolipile is widely believed to be the ancient precursor of the steam engine. Hero of Alexandria is credited for the demonstration of the use of the aeolipile during the 1st century AD
• Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in 5th century AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in late 15th century AD, major advances in scientific and technological development took place
• Heavy plough


  It turned European agriculture and economy on its head by allowing for higher and healthier agricultural yields and more efficient agricultural practices
• Gun Powder

  Invented by Chinese alchemists around 850 AD, it allowed for more advanced warfare
• Paper money


  First known versions could be traced back to the Chinese in 17th century AD as an offshoot of the invention of block printing, it was easier to transport around compared to the previous forms of currencies
• Mechanical clock


  Its development drastically changed the way days were spent and work patterns were established, particularly in the more advanced Middle Age cities
• Spinning wheel


  Invented in India between 6th and 11th century AD, it sped up the rate at which fiber could be spun by a factor of 10 to 100 times, ushering in a breakthrough in linen production when introduced in Europe in 13th century AD
• As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modern Ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication, and production. Industrialization took place with greater risks in human health, food safety, and environment which had to be addressed as scientific and technological progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed
• Compound microscope


  Invented by Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Jansen in 1590, it was an important progression from the single lens microscope and is an important instrument in many scientific studies today
• Telescope


  The most important technological invention in the study of astronomy during the Modern Ages, invented by Galileo Galilei, it could magnify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses
• Jacquard loom


  Considered as one of the most critical drivers of the Industrial Revolution, it simplified textile manufacturing and demonstrated the use of punched cards to instruct a machine to carry out complex tasks
• Engine-powered airplane


  Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright designed and successfully operated the first engine powered aircraft, proving that aircraft could fly without airfoil-shaped wings
• Television


  Invented by Scottish engineer John Logie Baird, it was the first television but was later criticized for its fuzzy and flickering images compared to electronic versions developed later
• Intellectual revolution


  When new ideas oppose the widely embraced and accepted beliefs by the people, paradigm shifts occur, resulting in intellectual revolution. This often requires other scientists to verify and support the theory or find concrete proof to validate the proposed idea
• Copernican intellectual revolution


  Nicolai Copernicus proposed the Heliocentric Model where the sun is the center of the solar system, challenging the age-long Ptolemaic geocentric view. The model was improved by later scientists like Giordano Bruno and Johannes Kepler
• Darwinian intellectual revolution


  Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection cast strong doubts on the traditional belief in the origin of life, and undermined the value of traditional religion and morality. It led to an ongoing controversy over religion and science
• Freudian intellectual revolution


  Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory of personality development, arguing that personality is formed through conflicts among the id, ego, and superego. His ideas challenged the notion that humans are masters of their own mind
• Ancient Period

  It is the rise in ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and technology.
• Filipino Inventions


  • Yoyo used by the natives as a combat weapon against Spaniards (1920, Pedro Flores patented and put up yoyo manufacturing Co. In the US)
  • Banana Catsup (Maria Orosa Ylagan)
  • Patis or Fish Sauce (Ruperta David also known as Aling Tentay)
  • Medical Incubator (Dr. Fe Del Mundo)
  • Erythromycin (Dr. Abelardo Aguillar)
  • Video Phone (Gregorio Zara)
  • Isolated Rice Breeds (Dr. Rodolfo Aquino)
  • Lunar Rover (Edwardo San Juan)
  • 16 Bit Computer Microchip (Diosdado Banatao)
  • Sing-A-Long System (Roberto de Rosario)
  • Alco Diesel (Rudy Lantano Sr.)
  • Mole Remover (Rolando Dela Cruz)
  • Anti-cancer cream for Basal Skin Carcinoma (Rolando Dela Cruz)
• This section tackles how social contexts shaped and were shaped by science and technology across three historical periods
• The section explores the dynamic interactions between different societal factors and science and technology
• The section includes a discussion on important Philippine inventions and innovations
• It emphasizes the various social, cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific and technological innovation throughout history
• One of the key interests of STS as an academic field is the history of science and technology
• The history of science and technology focuses on how science and technology have changed across time
• It explores the impacts of scientific and technological innovations on the prevailing social, cultural, political, and economic contexts throughout history
• It also pays attention to the conditions that shaped science and technology
• Antecedent


  A precursor to the unfolding or existence of something
• Historical antecedents in science and technology are factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological innovations today
• Knowledge of the history of science and technology is useful in appraising these innovations today
• By understanding how previous generations influenced and were influenced by developments in science and technology, today's generation can come up with informed decisions on the proper application of science and technology to daily life
• The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in science and technology