identifications final sem. 2

• Reconstruction

  Post Civil War aimed at ending slavery and achieving economic independence

  • Revisited: representation in government, voting rights, states rights
  • Successes: 13, 14, 15 amendment
  • 13th ended slavery
  • 14th made citizenship a birthright including African Americans but excluded Natives
  • 15th made the right to vote not based on race but excluded women and Natives
  • Failures: Jim Crow Laws, school segregation, literacy tests, sharecropping
• Jim Crow Laws

  Permitted "separate but equal" facilities aka segregation

  • Poll tax = $ paid before voting
  • Literacy Test = required reading or civics test in order to vote
  • Grandfather Clause = could only vote if your grandfather had voted in the past
• Progressive Movement

  Goal: fix problems of society by shining light on its problems

  • Muckrakers = journalists who revealed poverty, alcoholism, unsafe working conditions
  • Women's Suffrage = 19th Amendment let women vote in all states
  • Birth Control Movement = advocated for women's health and birth control
  • Pure Food & Drug Act = sanitary foods, child labor laws, workers compensation act
• Harlem Renaissance

  1920s African American literary & artistic movement = NYC's Harlem neighborhood

  • Period of increased black culture
  • Black poets + philosophers gained popularity in white press
  • Outspoken adversity to Jim Crow Laws + racial segregation
• New Deal

  Caused after Great Depression when Americans couldn't pay back loans, record high unemployment, unable to pay for rent or food

  • Franklin D. Roosevelt's campaign promise to combat the Great Depression with economic relief programs
  • Public works
  • government regulations
  • government protections
  • FDR used Congress to get programs approved as fast as possible & packed the supreme court with supporters
  • Programs left out racial minorities, women, migrants, and less privileged workers
• Domino Theory

  • cold war policy that suggested a communist government in 1 nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring countries
  • especially used in southeast asia
  • used by US to justify involvement in Vietnam War and support for non-communist dictator in south vietnam
• Great Society

  Term from President Lyndon B. Johnson to address problems of voting rights, poverty, diseases, education, immigration, and the environment; response to prosperity

  • Established medicaid, medicare, food stamps, and new cabinet offices to expand power of federal government.
  • Poured money into education and urban development
  • Most expansive effort to address needs of least-advantaged Americans esp. African Americans left out of New Deal programs
  • Helped narrow gap between whites and blacks in education, income, and access to skilled employment
• Great Migration

  large scale migration of black laborers from the south to the north

  • multiple motives:
  • thousands of open industrial jobs from increased wartime production & falloff in European immigration
  • higher wages
  • opportunities to educate children
  • escape from threat of lynching
  • prospect of exercising right to vote
  • gave black migrants economic and social aspirations
• Black Power Movement

  slogan used by those bitter over federal government's failure to stop violence against civil rights workers & civil rights movement's failure to make an impact on the economic problems of black ghettos

  • broad statement to help elevate black people & communities
  • malcom X was intellectual father
  • black local schools
  • pride in african american history & identity
  • racial self-assertion "black is beautiful"
• Chicano Power Movement

  latino activism similar to black power movement that emphasized pride in the Mexican past and new Chicano culture

  • closely linked to labor struggles
  • cesar Chavez led nonviolent protests and boycotts against California grapes to pressure growers to agree to labor contracts