Anaphy midterms

• Components of the Skeletal System

  • Cartilages = hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
  • Bones = spongy, compact; long, short; flat, irregular
  • Tendons = connect muscle to bone
  • Ligaments = connect bone to bone

  
• Functions of the Skeletal System

  • Framework and support
  • Gives the body shape
  • Protects and supports body organs
  • Movement
  • provides levers for muscles to pull on
  • Storage
  • Stores calcium and other minerals
  • Produces blood cells
• Functions of Bones


  • Support the body
  • Protect soft organs
  • Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles
  • Store minerals and fats
  • Blood cell formation
• How many bones does the adult human body have?

  
• How many bones does a baby's body have?

  
• Two basic types of bone tissue

  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone

  
• Spongy bone


  • Small needle-like pieces of bone
  • Many open spaces
• Classification of Bones


  • LONG BONES
  • Typically longer than they are wide
  • Have a shaft with heads at both ends
  • Contain mostly compact bone
  • Example:
  • Femur
  • Humerus

  
• Bone Growth and Development

  • Growth – occurs in terms of
  • Length
  • Articular cartilage
  • Width

  
• Factors Affecting Bone Growth

  • Nutrition
  • Vitamin C = collagen synthesis of osteoblasts
  • Vitamin D = normal absorption of calcium in the intestines
• Types of Bone Cells

  • Osteocytes—mature bone cells
  • Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells
  • Osteoclasts—bone-destroying cells
  • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone

  
• Bone Growth


  • APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
  • The formation of new bone on the surface of existing bone

  
• Bone markings are important anatomical landmarks that reveal sites of muscle attachment, points of articulation (joint), and sites of blood vessels and nerve passage

  
• A long bone is composed of

  • a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphyses (ends)
  • medullary cavity of the diaphysis
  • contains yellow marrow
  • periosteum covers the diaphysis
  • endosteum lines inner bone cavities

  
• PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

  • Bones (skeleton)
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Joints

  
• TWO SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON

  • Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

  
• The Skeleton


  • Axial skeleton
  • forms the longitudinal axis of the body
  • principal subdivisions are the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax
  • provides support and protection

  
• Axial Skeleton: The Skull

  • formed by 22 bones
  • base and vault are formed by the cranium

  
• Axial Skeleton: The Skull


  • Facial bones
  • The 14 bones of the face include the paired maxillae,zygomatics, nasals, lacrimals, palatines and inferior conchae
  • single mandible and vomer bones

  
• Axial Skeleton: The Skull

  • Paranasal sinuses occur in the
  • frontal bone
  • ethmoid bone
  • sphenoid bon
  • maxillary bones

  
• Axial Skeleton: The Skull

  • The hyoid bone
  • supported in the neck by ligaments
  • serves as an attachment point for the tongue and neck muscles

  
• Foramen magnum – the opening in the base of the skull or occipital bone where the spinal cord passes

  
• Axial Skeleton: The Skull

  • Cranial sutures–fibrous joints connecting the bones of the skull
  • fixed
  • immovable (in adults)
  • no cavities

  
• Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column

  • The vertebral column
  • includes
  • 24 movable vertebrae
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • sacrum
  • coccyx

  
• Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column

  • The primary curvatures of the vertebral column are the
  • thoracic
  • sacral
• Axial Skeleton: The Thoracic Cage

  • The bones of the thoracic cage include the
  • 12 rib pairs
  • sternum
  • thoracic vertebrae
  • protect the organs of the thoracic cavity
• Axial Skeleton: The Thoracic Cage


  • The sternum
  • consists of the
  • fused manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
• Ischial tuberosities


  The V-shaped pubic bones that articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis

  
• Pelvic (Hip) Girdle


  The structure that includes the ischial tuberosities
• Decubitus ulcer can occur in the ischial tuberosity
• Female pelvis


  • Subpubic angle is wider (larger, more obtuse) than males, measuring around 80 degrees or more
• The female pelvis has a subpubic angle that is generally greater or equal to 80 degrees, which makes it broader than the male's pubic arch. In men, this angle is more acute, measuring less than around 60-70 degrees on average.
• Male pelvis


  • Deep and narrow
  • Has larger, heavier bones than those of the female

  
• Female pelvis


  • Forms the birth canal
  • Is shallow and wide
• Pelvic brim (pelvic inlet)

  Oval-shaped in women, allowing for childbirth. Men have a heart-shaped pelvic brim.
• The way to a man's heart is through his pelvis!
• Femur


  The only bone of the thigh, with a ball-shaped head that articulates with the acetabulum

  
• Tibia and fibula


  The bones of the leg that participate in forming both the knee & ankle joints

  
• Bones of the foot

  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges

  
• Calcaneus


  The heel bone