Unit 1 - BIOL 402

• Biology


  The study of living organisms
• Cellular respiration


  1. Inhale oxygen

  2. Exhale carbon dioxide

  3. Cells can't function without it
• Cell theory


  • All living organisms are made of one or more cells
  • Cell is the smallest functional unit of life
  • New cells arise from existing cells
• Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• Prokaryotic cells


  No nucleus, DNA floats in cytoplasm
• Eukaryotic cells


  Have nucleus, DNA is in nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
• DNA


  Blueprint of who we are, genetic information passed to offspring
• Evolution and natural selection

  • Individuals in a population vary in traits that are passed from parent to offspring
  • Populations produce more offspring than can survive
  • Species are generally suited to their environments
• Covalent bond


  Electrons are shared between atoms
• Electronegativity


  An atom or functional group's ability to attract electrons towards itself
• Properties of water


  • Cohesion, adhesion, surface tension
  • High specific heat and heat of vaporization
  • Universal solvent
• Hydrophilic


  Water-loving, likes to dissolve in water
• Hydrophobic


  Water-fearing, doesn't like to interact with water
• pH


  Measure of hydrogen ion concentration, 7 is neutral
• Functional groups


  • Hydroxyl
  • Carbonyl
  • Carboxyl
  • Amino
  • Thio
  • Phosphate
• Isomers


  Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures and properties
• Types of isomers


  • Structural
  • Cis-trans
  • Enantiomers
• Monosaccharides


  Simple sugars, most basic unit of carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Disaccharide


  Double sugar consisting of two monosaccharides bonded by glycosidic linkages
• Polysaccharide


  Long carbohydrate molecule consisting of many similar sugar monomers
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
• Dehydration synthesis


  Creation of larger polymers from smaller monomers where water is released
• Hydrolysis


  Adds water molecule, breaking a polymer bond
• Glycosidic linkage


  Covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides
• Starch


  • Consists of amylose and amylopectin, used for energy storage in plants
• Cellulose


  • Main component of plant cell walls, made up of β-1,4 glycosidic linkages
• Glycogen


  • Branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in animals
• Fatty acids


  Components of fats, oils, and phospholipids
• Saturated fatty acids


  Have all carbons "saturated" with hydrogens, only single bonds

  
• Unsaturated fatty acids


  Contain double bonds, fewer than the total possible hydrogens
• Triglycerides


  Main constituent of animal body fat and a major component in human skin cells
• Ester linkage


  Bond between an atom double bonded to oxygen and the oxygen atom bearing a hydrocarbon group
• Cholesterol


  A type of steroid that acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important molecules
• Phospholipid


  Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group + small uncharged "R" group, amphipathic

  
• Cortisol


  Main stress hormone that suppresses inflammation
• Aldosterone


  Helps in fluids and electrolyte balance in the body
• Lipid


  A main constituent of animal body fat and a major component in human skin cells
• Ester linkage


  The bond between an atom that is double bonded to oxygen and the oxygen atom bearing a hydrocarbon group
• Saturated fats


  • Solid at room temperature
  • Van der Waals interactions occur between fats
  • Fat molecules pack tightly