bio 150 notes week 11

• How many beats does the heart have per day at 75 bpm?

  108,000 beats per day
• How many liters of blood does the heart pump per minute at 75 bpm?

  5.25 liters of blood per minute
• How many liters of blood does the heart pump per day at 75 bpm?

  14,000 liters per day
• How many liters of blood does the heart pump over 75 years at 75 bpm?

  3 billion beats over 75 years
• How many liters of blood does the heart pump over 60,000 miles per year at 75 bpm?

  10 million liters (2.6 mil gal) traveling 60,000 miles per year
• How many beats does the heart have per year at 75 bpm?

  39 million beats per year
• Where is the heart located?

  In the mediastinum (middle of the thoracic cavity between the lungs)
• What is the size of the heart?

  Roughly 9-12 ounces and the size of a fist, but can get larger with significant exercise
• How does the size of the heart affect the left lung?

  It occupies a little more space on the left creating a cardiac notch in the left lung
• Describe the orientation of the heart's base and apex.

  The base is superior and the apex is inferior
• What do the left and right atria do in the heart?

  Receive blood
• What do the left and right ventricles do in the heart?

  Pump blood out of the heart
• What is the function of the pulmonary circuit in circulation through the heart?

  Transports blood to and from the lungs to pick up oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
• What is the function of the systemic circuit in circulation through the heart?


  Transports oxygenated blood to all of the tissues of the body, and receives deoxygenated blood to send to the pulmonary circuit
• Chambers and Circulation through the Heart

  Right ventricle (deoxygenated) -> pulmonary trunk -> R & L pulmonary arteries -> pulmonary capillaries surrounding the alveoli of the lungs (gas exchange occurs) -> pulmonary veins (oxygenated) -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> (series of arteries and arterioles) -> capillary beds of the whole body (gas exchange occurs) -> (series of venules and veins - deoxygenated) -> inferior (below diaphragm) and superior (above diaphragm) vena cavae -> right atrium -> right ventricle (repeat)
• What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

  Protects the heart and maintains its position in the thorax
• What is the pericardial sac?

  The membrane that surrounds the heart
• What is the composition of the visceral pericardium?

  Inner layer of mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) fused to the heart wall by dense irregular or areolar connective tissue
• What is the purpose of the pericardial cavity?

  Filled with lubricating serous fluid to reduce friction when the heart contracts
• What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

  Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
• Describe the Epicardium.

  Most superficial layer of the heart wall, also known as visceral pericardium.
• What is the structure and function of the Myocardium?

  Middle layer of the heart wall, thickest layer mainly composed of cardiac muscle cells arranged in a figure 8 pattern to increase efficiency.
• What is the Endocardium responsible for?

  Lines the chambers and covers the heart valves, made of a simple squamous endothelium that may play a role in cardiac muscle growth/contraction.
• What are auricles in relation to the heart?

  Thin-walled, superficial extensions of the atria visible from the surface of the heart.
• What are sulci on the surface of the heart?

  Deep grooves that house the coronary vessels.
• Where is the coronary (AV) sulcus located?

  Between the atria and ventricles on the surface of the heart.
• What is the anterior interventricular sulcus and where is it located?

  It is between the left and right ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart.
• What is the posterior interventricular sulcus and where is it located?

  It is between the left and right ventricles on the posterior surface of the heart.
• What are the first arteries to branch off of the aorta?

  Coronary arteries
• Which artery feeds the left side of the heart and the anterior interventricular septum?

  Left coronary artery
• What artery runs down the anterior interventricular sulcus?

  Anterior interventricular artery (Left Anterior Descending - LAD)
• Which artery wraps around the back of the heart?

  Circumflex artery
• Which artery feeds the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, the posterior interventricular septum, and the heart conduction system?

  Right coronary artery
• What artery runs down the posterior interventricular sulcus?

  Posterior interventricular artery (posterior descending artery - PDA)
• Which artery runs down the right side of the heart?

  Right marginal artery
• Which artery runs down the left side of the heart?

  Left marginal artery
• What are the main coronary veins that drain the heart?

  Coronary veins generally follow the coronary arteries and include the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, posterior cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, and anterior cardiac veins.
• Describe the path of the great cardiac vein.

  The great cardiac vein travels with the anterior interventricular artery, collects blood from the anterior portion of the heart, and empties into the coronary sinus.
• What is the course of the middle cardiac vein?

  The middle cardiac vein travels with the posterior interventricular artery, collects blood from the posterior portion of the heart, and drains into the coronary sinus.
• Where does the posterior cardiac vein (Left marginal vein) empty?

  The posterior cardiac vein empties into the coronary sinus.