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• Purposive Communication


  Intentional communication that happens within the bounds of specific contexts
• Keith Richards: '"It's not JUST oral communication. It's body language, eye contact, the grinning (to smile broadly as an indication of pleasure, amusement, and the like), the little signals that go on between people."'
• Communication involves various elements
• Communication elements


  • Paralinguistics (i.e. tone, pitch, pace, etc.)
  • Silence
  • All these convey several meanings
• Communicative competence


  Includes sociolinguistic (appropriate use of the language within a context), discourse/pragmatic (grasp of anything beyond the sentence structure), and strategic (compensatory strategies) competencies
• More important than the emphasis of eloquence and fluency in speech, the discussion on communication should focus on every little thing that matters --- the nonverbal cues, the context, culture, age, gender, among others
• It is NOT ENOUGH that you sound good. Communication is about understanding every element of the process, and then responding appropriately to these elements
• Communication Effectiveness


  Depends on the ability of the sender and the receiver to encode and decode the message/information, extent to which both parties have similar codebooks, shared mental models about the topic's context, sender's experience at communicating the message
• Communication


  Process by which information is transmitted & understood between two or more people
• Linguistic repertoire


  Refers to the range of linguistic varieties which the speaker has at his disposal and which he may appropriately use as a member of his speech community
• Communication Elements


  • Feedback
  • Receiver
  • Medium
  • Message
  • Barrier
  • Sender
• Aristotelian Model of Communication


  • The Three Rhetorical Appeals: Pathos (Passion/Emotion), Logos (Logic), Ethos (Ethics)
• Pathos


  The use of emotional appeal (e.g. heart-warming stories, personal experiences, humorous jokes, pitiful photographs)
• Logos


  The use of logical argument (e.g. statistics, facts, reasonable arguments, logical organization of information)
• Ethos


  The use of credibility and trust (e.g. quotes from professionals, customer reviews, celebrity endorsement, personal qualifications, testimonies)
• Lasswell's Model


  Unidirectional communication model which highlights the need to choose the appropriate channel (Who says? What? Through what channel? To whom? With what effect?)
• Channels


  • Verbal
  • Social acceptance (how well the communication is approved and supported)
  • Media richness (medium's data carrying-capacity)
• We can lie VERBALLY, but not with NON VERBAL cues
• Osgood-Schramm's Communication Model
• Barriers / Noise


  • Language Difference
  • Ambiguity of Language
  • Jargon
  • Information Overload
  • Cross-Cultural
• Purposive Communication challenges the communicator to strategically use a language that is understood, familiar, and accepted in a context, in order to communicate his/her specific intentions
• When the communicator fails to consider context, there is a possibility of a communication breakdown