purcomm 2

• Sociolinguistics


  An attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur
• Sociolinguistics


  The study of the social uses of language, and the most productive studies in the four decades of sociolinguistic research have emanated from determining the social evaluation of linguistic variants
• Speech community


  (Bloomfield) A group of people who interact by means of speech
• Speech community


  (Hymes) A community sharing rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech, and rules for the interpretation of at least one linguistic variety
• Speech community


  One can participate in a speech community without being a member of it, but the lines of demarcation are not fixed or universal: i.e. accent, ways of speaking, grammar, etc. in different communities or at different times in one community
• Speech community


  (Gumperz) An activity characterized by frequent interaction using a mutually intelligible body of verbal signs. The speech varieties employed within a speech community are formalized as a system (i.e. written in dictionaries, taught in schools, used in gatherings, etc.)
• Comprehending speech communities


  1. How do you feel when you talk to a person who come from the same speech community?

  2. What do you observe about people who belong to a speech community that you are not familiar of?

  3. If you are going to explain in your own words, what then is a SPEECH COMMUNITY?

  4. How do you distinguish one SPEECH COMMUNITY from another?
• Neo-Solomonic (Solomon Islands) example: "Orayt, mifla i go go lang salwater, lukawtim fish, naw win i kem, naw mifla i go alebawt long kinu, naw bigfla win i kem naw, mifla go, no kachim ni ples i kwaytfla."
• Orayt, mifla i go go lang salwater, lukawtim fish, naw win i kem, naw mifla i go alebawt long kinu, naw bigfla win i kem naw, mifla go, no kachim ni ples i kwaytfla.

  English
• The Lord's Prayer (from Hawaiian Pidgin Bible)
• Other language varieties
• Dell Hymes' Ethnography of Communication


  An approach to examine language varieties
• 1. P-E-A-K-I-N-G Framework


  • Setting - physical circumstances, scene
  • Participants - speaker, listener
  • Ends - conventionally recognized and expected outcomes of the exchange
  • Act Sequence - form and content of what was said
  • Keys - tone, manner, spirit of the conveyance of the message
  • Instrumentalities - channel
  • Norms - standard or pattern of communication behavior set by a specific context
  • Genre - types of utterance
• Language registers


  Different registers depending on the social situation and the cultures and sub-cultures between those involved
• Register


  An essential social skill that provides flexibility and demonstrates competence in speech and appropriate social norms
• Factors contributing to linguistic varieties: Globalization, Colonization, Diaspora, ICT and Media
• Spanish colonization began when Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrived from Mexico and formed the first European settlements in the Philippines


  1565
• Manila fell into the arms of the British on October 4, 1762 but this settlement was short lived as expansion into other islands in the Philippines was met with stiff resistance from the British Forces


  1762
• After the first Philippine Republic resisted U.S. occupation, the Philippine - American war took place

  1898-1901
• The Japanese invasion (Philippines Campaign) occurred ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor


  1941
• Diaspora


  A scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale
• ICT & Media


  Digital technology erases territorial boundaries between countries therefore we become multiculturalists – persons respectful of and engaged with people from distinctly different cultures
• Indirect communication styles


  • Apologetic
  • Relationship-Oriented
  • Advice Seeker
  • Rapport Talk
  • Sensitive
  • Status and Power-Oriented
  • Information-Oriented
  • Report Talk
  • Dominant
  • Assertive
• Other cultures view silence as a lack of communication and often interpret long breaks as a sign of disagreement
• Conversational overlaps also send messages in different cultures. Japanese people usually stop talking when they are interrupted, whereas talking over the other person's speech is more common in Brazil, France, & some other countries