DEV PSYCH MIDTERMS:

• The study of change from multiple directions of influence.

  Answer: Multidirectional  
• There are many contexts that affect human development.

  Answer: Multicontextual
• FIVE (5) PERSPECTIVES OF 

  DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY:

  1. Multidirectional
  2. Multicontextual
  3. Multicultural
  4. Multidisciplinary
  5. Plasticity
• There are many cultures around the world 

  • Each one is influential 
  • Each one has separate values, traditions, living standards (etc) that influence the individuals of that society 
  • Answer: Multicultural
• We have to use many different fields in order to effectively study development 

  Answer: Multidisciplinary
• Developmental changes occur throughout the lifespan and can be drastically altered at any point in time.

  Answer: Plasticity
• Systematic continuities and changes in the individual that occur between conception and death.

  Answer: Development
• A progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation and experience.

  Answer: Development
• TYPES OF CONTINUITIES:

  1. Systematic Continuities
  2. Developmental Continuities
• Systematic Continuities:

  1. Orderly
  2. Patterned
  3. Relatively Enduring
• Ways in which we remain the same or continue to reflect our past.

  Answer: Developmental Continuities
• Ways in which we remain the same or continue to reflect our past.

  Answer: Developmental Continuities
• Systematic Continuities:

  Regardless of rationality

  Answer: Orderly
• Systematic Continuities:

  Transitory changes are behaviors that are not permanent.

  Answer: Relatively Enduring
• Systematic Continuities:

  Transitory Changes and Relatively Enduring are opposites.

  Answer: Relatively Enduring
• Three (3) Domains of Developmental Continuities:

  1. Physical
  2. Cognitive
  3. Psychosocial
• The growth of the body and its organs 

  • Functioning of physiological systems (e.g. brain) 
  • Physical signs of aging 
  • Changes in motor abilities
  • Answer: Physical Development
• Changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and other processes.

  Answer: Cognitive Development
• Changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development.

  Answer: Psychosocial Development
• Two (2) essentially antagonistic processes in development take place simultaneously throughout life.  

  1. Growth or Evolution 
  2. Atrophy or Involution
• Directly refers to the shrinkage or wasting away of the body or of a body part.

  Answer: Atrophy
• What happened to you in childhood will be reflected in the future.

  Answer: John Milton (Paradise Lost)
• Removing neurons

  Answer: Synaptic Pruning
• Building neural pathways

  
  

  Answer: Synaptic Blooming
• THREE (3) TYPES OF INFLUENCES

  1. Normative Age-Graded Influences
  2. Normative History-Graded Influences
  3. Nonnormative Life Events
• Similar for individuals in a particular age group (e.g. puberty and menopause) 

  Answer: Normative Age-Graded Influences
• Common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances.

  Answer: Normative History-Graded Influences
• Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people. Can influence in different ways.

  Answer: Nonnormative Life Events 
• Developmental Periods:

  1. Prenatal(conception to birth)
  2. Infancy (birth to 2 years)
  3. Early Childhood(2 to 6 years)  
  4. Middle Childhood(7 to 11 years)
  5. Adolescence(12 to 18 years)
  6. Early Adulthood(19 to 34 years)
  7. Middle Adulthood(35 to 64 years)
  8. Later Adulthood(65 years and older)
• White contends that the foundations laid during the first two (2) years of life are the most critical
• • Erikson claims that babyhood is the period when individuals learn general attitudes of trust or mistrust, depending on how parents gratify their child’s needs for food, attention, and love 
• Significant Facts About Development:

  1.  Early Foundations are Critical
  2. Roles of Maturation and Learning in Development
  3. Development Follows a Definite and Predictable Pattern
  4. All Individuals are Different 
  5. Each Phase of Development has Characteristic Behavior
  6. Each Phase of Development has Hazards 
  7. Development is Aided by Stimulation 
  8. Development is Affected by Cultural Changes
  9. Social Expectations for Every Stage of Development
• There are three (3) conditions under which change is likely to occur: 

  1. Change may come about when the individual receives help and guidance in making the change
  2. Change is likely to occur when significant people treat individuals in new and different ways
  3. Change may occur when there is a strong motivation on the part of the individual themselves to make the change 
• Unfolding of the individual’s inherent traits

  • Maturation
• Development that comes from exercise and effort on the individual’s part

  • Learning
• Development proceeds from top to bottom.

  • Cephalocaudal Law (aka Cephalocaudal Principle / Trend)
• Development starts close to the center of the body (near the spine) and then progresses outward.

  • Proximodistal Law
• Individuals adapt easily to environmental demands and as a result, make good personal and social adjustments.

  • Equilibrium
• Individuals experience difficulties in adaptation and as a result, make poor personal and social adjustments 

  • Disequilibrium
• A task which arises at about a certain period in the life of the individual.

  • Developmental Task