CD

• Communicable diseases


  Often the leading causes of all illness in the country today, readily transferred from one infected person to a susceptible and uninfected person, may be caused by microorganisms

  
• Type of microorganisms causing infections

  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
• Chain of infection

  1. Infectious agent

  2. Reservoir

  3. Portal of exit

  4. Mode of transmission

  5. Portal of entry

  6. Susceptible host

  
• Infectious agents


  • Can include bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, the chain of infection is broken by early detection, treatment can reduce their opportunity for growth
• Reservoir


  Location of potentially harmful microorganisms, where the infectious agent can live and possibly multiply
• Portal of exit


  The way the infectious agent exits the reservoir to continue the chain of infection, through mucous membranes, blood or other body fluids
• Modes of transmission

  • Direct contact
  • Airborne
  • Droplet
  • Vehicle
  • Vector
• Portal of entry


  The way microorganisms enter the body of the host, often the same route they used to leave the source
• Susceptible host


  Can be another patient, visitors, health-care personnel, immunocompromised patients, newborns and infants, and the elderly
• Factors that may break the disease cycle

  • Increasing host resistance
  • Destruction of the source and the reservoir
  • Destruction of the agent in the environment
  • Avoidance of exposure
• Infection control precautions

  • Universal precautions
  • Body substance isolation
  • Standard precautions
• Hand hygiene

  Includes both handwashing and the use of alcohol-based antiseptic cleansers, handwashing is used when hands are visibly soiled, alcohol-based cleansers are used when hands are not visibly soiled
• Father of handwashing

  Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
• Gloves


  Wear when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and contaminated items, change between tasks and procedures, sanitize hands immediately after removing
• Mouth, nose, & eye protection

  A specially fitted respirator (N95) must be used during patient care activities related to suspected Mycobacterium exposure
• Gown


  Wear a clean, fluid-resistant laboratory coat with wrist cuffs to protect clothing and skin from exposure to patient's body substances
• Immunization


  The process of introducing vaccine into the body to produce antibodies that will protect against a specific infectious agent, most vaccines require more than one dose to provide full protection
• Immunization against communicable diseases

  • For infants
  • Following exposure
  • For all persons in endemic areas
  • For person subject to unusual risk
  • For known cases
• Vaccines available for routine immunization

  • DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus)
  • OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
  • MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
  • HiB (H. influnzae Type B) polysaccharide
  • Hepatitis B
  • BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin)
  • CDT (Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid)
• Chemoprophylaxis


  Administration of drugs to prevent occurrence of infection
• Mechanical prophylaxis


  Placing mechanical barriers between the sources of agent and host such as use of mosquito nets, masks or gloves
• Influenza


  Highly communicable disease characterized by abrupt onset with fever, chilly sensation or chills, aches or pain in the back and limbs with prostrations, respiratory symptoms include coryza, sore throat and cough
• Causative agents of influenza

  • Influenza Virus A
  • Influenza Virus B
  • Influenza Virus C
• Source of infection for influenza

  Discharges from the mouth and nose of infected person
• Modes of transmission for influenza

  • Direct contact
  • Droplet infection
  • Articles freshly soiled with discharge of nose and throat of infected person
  • Airborne
• Period of communicability for influenza

  Probably limited to 3 days from clinical onset
• Susceptibility, resistance and occurrence of influenza


  • Universal but varying degrees, frequent unapparent and typical infection during epidemics, variable occurrence in pandemics, local epidemics, and as sporadic cases
• Immunity to influenza


  Infection produces immunity of unknown duration to the type and subtype of infecting virus
• Methods of prevention and control for influenza

  • Education of the public as to sanitary hazard from spitting, sneezing and coughing
  • Avoid use of common towels, glasses and eating utensils
  • Active immunization with influenza vaccine
• Pneumonia


  An acute infectious disease of the lungs usually caused by the pneumococcus resulting in the consolidation of one or more lobes of either one or both lungs
• Causative agents of pneumonia

  • Streptococcus pneumonia (Diplococcus pneumonia)
  • Klebsiella pneumonia
  • Viruses
• Predisposing causes of pneumonia

  • Fatigue
  • Overexposed to inclement weather (extreme hot or cold)
  • Exposure to polluted air
  • Malnutrition
• Signs and symptoms of pneumonia

  • Rhinitis/ Common cold
  • Pain over affected areas
  • Rusty sputum
  • Highly colored urine
  • Productive cough
  • Severe chill
  • Fast respiration
  • High fever
  • Vomiting at times
  • Dilated pupils
  • Convulsion may occur
• Management of pneumonia

  • Bed rest
  • Adequate salt, fluid, calorie and vitamin intake
  • Tepid sponge bath for fever
  • Frequent turning from side to side
  • Antibiotics based on Care of Acute Respiratory infection (CARI of DOH)
• Cholera (El Tor)


  An acute serious illness characterized by sudden onset of acute and profuse colorless diarrhea, vomiting, severe dehydration, muscular cramps, cyanosis and in severe cases collapse
• Causative agent of cholera

  Vibrio cholera (El Tor)
• Mode of transmission for cholera

  Food and water contaminated with vomitus and stool of patients and carrier
• Methods of prevention and control for cholera

  • Bring patient to hospital for proper isolation and prompt and competent medical care
  • Other preventive measures are the same as those of Typhoid and Dysentery
  • All contacts should submit themselves for stool examination and be treated accordingly if found positive
• Tuberculosis


  A highly contagious bacterial infection, usually affecting the lungs but can also affect other organs of the body like brain, kidney, intestine, and bones, considered as the world's deadliest disease and remains as a major public health problem in the Philippines
• Causative agent of tuberculosis

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis