psych unit 3 aos 2

• learning


  the process of acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience.
• behaviourist approach to learning


  theories that propose learning occurs by interacting with the external environment
• classical conditioning


  passive (involuntary) learning

  occurs through repeated association

  learning occurs when particular stimulus consistantly produces a reflexive or involuntary response that it did not previously produce
• 3 phases of classical conditioning

  before conditioning

  during conditioning

  after conditioning
• before conditioning


  involves a response to a stimulus that has not yet been conditioned.

  
  

  unconditioned stimulus - unconditioned response -

  neutral stimulus - no response
• during conditioning


  involves the acquisition phase or development of an association between neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
• after conditioning


  results in the now conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response as a result of its association with the unconditioned stimulus
• Neutral stimulus (NS)


  prior to condition to the conditioning does not evoke a predictable response
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)


  produces a naturally occurring automatic response
• Unconditioned response (UCR)


  occurs automatically when UCS presented
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)


  repeated association with UCS produces response
• Conditioned response (CR)


  learnt response produced by CS after repeated association.
• operant conditioning


  learning by consequences. voluntary responses as result of behaviours.
• 3 phases of operant conditioning

  Antecedent

  Behaviour

  Consequence
• antecedent stimiulus


  object or event that precedes a behaviour and signals the probable consequence for the behaviour, therefore influences the occurrence of the behaviour.
• behaviour


  the voluntary action that is displayed by the individual - occurs in the pressense of the antecedent stimulus.
• consequences


  environmental stimulus or event that immediately follows behaviour.

  
  

  reinforcement and punishment (positive or negative)
• Reinforcement


  increases the likelihood of a behavior
• punishment


  decreases the likelihood of a behaviour
• negative reinforcement


  something negative is taken away
• positive reinforcement


  something positive is given
• negative punishment


  removal of valued stimulus
• positive punishment


  something negative is given
• order of presentation of punishment or reinforcement


  it must be presented after the desired response and never before. the consequence (punishment and reinforcement) always follows the response
• timing of punishment or reinforcement


  most effective when occur immediately after the response has occurred
• appropriate punishment or reinforcement

  reinforcement must provide satisfying consequence and punishment provide unpleasant consequence
• observational learning


  form of social learning that occurs through watching another persons behaviours and the consequences of the behaviour.
• modelling


  when the observer demonstrates the learned behaviour by imitating it.
• 5 key processes of observational learning


  Attention

  Retention

  Reproduction

  Motivation

  Reinforcement
• 3 types of models for observational learning


  live: real life model showing

  verbal: real life model talking

  symbolic: real / fictional person shown on screen or in books
• attention


  individual actively focus on the models behaviour and the consequences
• factors influencing attention


  observers characteristics,

  activity being observed,

  characteristics of model,

  circumstances. in which behaviour is being observed,

  familiaritiy, actrativeness and success of model
• retention


  individuals create a mental representation to remember the models demonstrated behaviour

  memory of models behaviour
• Reproduction


  reproducing or imitating behaviour that has been observed
• Motivation


  observer must have desire to want to reproduce what is being observed
• types of motivation


  intrinsic and extrinsic
• intrinsic motivation


  occurs from within an individual and what they want
• extrinsic motivation


  occurs from factors external to the individual such as other peoples wants
• Reinforcement (observational learning)


  individual receives positive consequence. for the behaviour which makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again in the future.
• types of reinforcement in observational learning

  external reinforcement

  self reinforcement

  vicarious reinforcement