Ppt 1

• Anatomy and physiology


  Interacting studies of the structure and function of organisms
• Specialized cells


  • Function together to form tissues
  • Tissues build organs
  • Interacting organs form organ systems
• Animal tissues


  • Cells
  • Extracellular matrix of water, dissolved substances, and (usually) protein fibers
• Epithelial tissue


  • Lines organs and forms glands
  • Protects underlying tissues
  • Senses stimuli
  • Secretes substances
• Simple epithelium


  One layer of cells
• Stratified epithelium


  More than one layer of cells
• Epithelial cell shapes


  • Flat
  • Cube-shaped
  • Columnar
• Connective tissues


  • Scattered cells
  • Prominent extracellular matrix

  
• Major types of connective tissues

  • Loose connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood

  
• Muscle tissue


  • Cells that contract when protein filaments slide past one another
• Types of muscle tissue

  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth

  
• Nervous tissue


  • Neurons and neuroglia

  
• Neuron


  Functions in rapid communication
• Neuroglia


  Support neurons

  
• Animal tissue types


  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
• Epithelial tissue


  • Cover interior and exterior surfaces of organs
  • Protection
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
• Connective tissue


  • Support
  • Adhesion
  • Insulation
  • Attachment
  • Transportation
• Nervous tissue


  Rapid communication among cells
• Nervous and endocrine systems


  • Coordinate all other organ systems
• Neurons


  Form network of cells that communicate rapidly
• Hormones


  Produced by endocrine system, act more slowly
• Skeletal system


  • Protect and support the body
  • Act as a reservoir for calcium and other minerals
• Muscular system


  • Enable body parts to move
  • Generate body heat
• Acquiring energy


  1. Digestive system provides nutrients

  2. Respiratory system obtains O2

  3. Circulatory system delivers nutrients and O2 to tissues

  4. Cells use O2 to extract energy from food molecules

  5. Circulatory and respiratory systems eliminate waste CO2
• Urinary system


  • Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
  • Reabsorbs useful substances
• Integumentary system


  • Provides a physical barrier between the body and its surroundings
• Immune system


  • Protects against infection, injury and cancer
• Lymphatic system


  • Connects the circulatory and immune systems
  • Passes the body's fluids through the lymph nodes
• Reproductive system


  • Essential for the production of offspring
• Regulator


  Uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
• Conformer


  Allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the particular variable
• Homeostasis


  Maintaining a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment changes significantly
• Mechanisms of homeostasis


  1. Maintain a variable at or near a particular value (set point)

  2. Stimulus

  3. Sensor

  4. Response
• Negative feedback


  A control mechanism that "damps" its stimulus
• Positive feedback


  A control mechanism that amplifies the stimulus
• Circadian rhythm


  • Cyclic alterations in metabolism that occur roughly every 24 hours

  
• Acclimatization


  An animal's physiological adjustment to changes in its external environment
• Thermoregulation


  Process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range

  
• Types of animals based on body temperature

  • Endotherms (use internal metabolism to thermoregulate)
  • Ectotherms (regulate body temperature by seeking an appropriate environment)
• Poikilotherm


  An animal whose body temperature varies with its environment