RWS

• Hypertext


  Non-linear way to present information and is usually accomplished using "links"
• Hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson


  1963
• Hypertext


  • It makes a dynamic organization of information possible through links and connections called hyperlink
  • Readers can EASILY ACCESS more information about the topic
• World Wide Web (WWW)

  Global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked across the internet
• Hypermedia


  Links that incorporate other forms of multimedia such as images, audio, and videos
• Intertext


  Method of text development that enables the author to make another text based on another text
• Intertext was coined by Julia Kristeva


  1960
• Four specific methods of Intertext

  • Retelling
  • Quotation
  • Allusion
  • Pastiche
• Retelling


  Restatement of a story or re-expression of narrative
• Quotation


  Directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from a text another author has made
• Allusion


  Pertains to an idea or passage found in another text without the use of quotation
• Pastiche


  Copies the style of another text without making fun of it like in a parody
• Critical reading


  Necessary for judging the text's reliability through the study of implicit and explicit information
• Whenever you read something and you evaluate claims, seek definitions, judge information, demand proof, and question assumptions, you are thinking critically
• Critical reading goes beyond passively understanding a text because you process the author's words and make judgments after carefully considering the reading's message
• Why should we read critically?

  Critical reading allows you to enter into a dialogue with the author and this deepens your understanding of the issue or topic discussed
• Steps used in critical reading as reasoning

  • Identifying assertions
  • Formulating a counterclaim
  • Determining evidence
• Explicit information


  Any idea that is stated or found in the text, you see the text's clear or obvious meaning—no need to explain
• Implicit information


  The text is being suggested through the text's details, which serves as a clue to get the right meaning of the text, it needs analysis or deep thinking; thus, one needs to read between the lines
• Types of claims

  • Claims of fact
  • Claims of value
  • Claims of policy
• Claims of fact


  Existence of something/definition or classification/facts as rooted in history or science
• Claims of value


  Asserts an idea's morality based on certain standards or preferences
• Claims of policy


  Usually involves sub-claims of fact and value, action / should or ought
• Evaluative statement


  A statement that states one's sound judgement about something through writing which is supported by reasons and evidences, it also presents the strengths and weaknesses of something based on a set of criteria which needs to be factual, substantial, and unbiased
• Identifying assertions


  Becoming a good critical reader means that you are able to logically evaluate the claims of the writer, assertions are declarative sentences that affirm something is true about something else
• Four types of assertions

  • Fact
  • Convention
  • Opinion
  • Preference
• Fact


  A statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research
• Convention


  A way in which something is done, similar to traditions and norms, it depends on historical precedents, laws, rules, usage, and customs, it may sound factual due to their being derived from customs
• Opinion


  Based on facts, but are difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness
• Preference


  Based on personal choice, therefore, they are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked
• Identifying counterclaims

  Counterclaims are claims made to rebut a previous claim, they provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument
• Four elements of argument

  • Claim
  • Counterclaim
  • Reason
  • Evidence
• Claim


  A statement that asserts facts based on one's understanding about a particular topic or issue
• Counterclaim


  Just the opposite of claim, it is a statement that contradicts one's claim and is usually proven and supported by both reasons and evidences
• Reason


  The part of an argument where a statement offers an explanation behind a party's claim
• Evidence


  The statement that proves the truth of a claim and generally leads to the conclusion of an argument
• Textual evidence


  The details given by the author in order to support his/her claims, it reveals the position of the writer and makes the reading more interesting, evidences are details that strengthen, add variety or weight to any argument
• Position paper


  Presents one side of an arguable opinion about an issue, the goal is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and defensible, ideas need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your paper, it is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims, as well as to refute the counter claims to show you are well informed about both sides
• Structure of a position paper

  • Introduction
  • Counter Argument
  • Your Argument
  • Conclusion
• Introduction


  Introduce the topic, provide background on the topic to explain why it is important, assert the thesis (your view of the issue)