Lesson 2: Taxonomy

• the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics.

  Taxonomy
• 8 levels of taxonomy

  1. domain
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species
• he was the first one to propose taxonomy in 1735

  Carolus Linnaeus
• the name of the book where Carolus Linnaeus first proposed taxonomy in 1735

  Systema Naturea
• they introduced domain in 1990

  Carl Woese, Otto Kandler, and Mark Wheelis
• 6 kingdoms:

  1. animals
  2. plants
  3. fungi
  4. protozoa
  5. chromista
  6. bacteria
• the two kingdoms that Carolus Linnaeus proposed

  plants and animals
• what model replaced the two kingdoms that Carolus Linnaeus proposedin 1968

  Whittaker's five kingdom model
• what model replaced Whittaker's five kingdom model in 1998

  Cavalier-Smith's six kingdom model
• This kingdom contains all multi-cellular organisms that (with some exceptions) can move around, breathe, eat, and reproduce sexually.

  animal kingdom
• includes most multi-cellular organisms that generate energy through sunlight via a process called photosynthesis. They generally cannot move and more produce seeds as part of their reproduction.


  plant kingdom
• used to be considered part of the plant kingdom but are now considered their own kingdom. They’re unique because they don’t get energy from the sun via photosynthesis, but actually digest other organic matter

  fungi kingdom
• a class of organisms that don’t fit well within any other category, so they sit into this ‘leftover’ category that was named by its founder the “primitive forms” of life. They’re single-celled organisms

  protista kingdom
• single-celled organisms that live all around us. There are natural eubacteria in our food (especially yoghurt) and our intestines.​

  eubacteria
• the oldest living single-celled organisms and believed to be the original lifeforms.

  archaea
• are sponges that filter water to obtain food.​

  Porifera 
• are animals that have stinging cells and include jellyfish and coral.​

  Cnidaria 
• are flatworms that have bilateral symmetry.​

  Platyhelminthes 
• are roundworms that include both free-living and parasitic species.​

  Nematoda 
• are segmented worms that include earthworms and leeches.​

  Annelida 
• are soft-bodied animals that have a mantle and may have a shell.​

  Mollusca 
• are animals with jointed legs and an exoskeleton, including insects and crustaceans.​

  Arthropoda 
• are animals with a notochord, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.​

  Chordata 
• are non-vascular plants, which means they do not have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients.​

  Bryophytes
• are vascular plants that reproduce using spores.​

  Pteridophytes
• are seed-bearing plants that do not have flowers or fruits.​

  Gymnosperms
• are seed-bearing plants that have flowers and fruits.​

  Angiosperms
• five classes of phylum chordata:

  1. amphibians
  2. reptiles
  3. birds
  4. mammals
  5. Chondricthytes and osteichthyes
• Cold-blooded vertebrates that live both in and out of water.

  amphibians
• Cold-blooded vertebrates that (usually) live on land

  reptiles
• Warm-blooded, feathered animals that lay hard eggs and (usually) are able to fly.​

  birds
• Warm-blooded animals that usually have fur or hair and produce milk to feed their young.

  mammals
• fishes


  Chondricthytes and osteichthyes
• two classes of phylum Angiospermophyta:

  1. monocots
  2. dicots
• start out with a singular-part seed, have a branching root system, and parallel veins on their leaves. Their petals are multiples of 3

  monocots
• start out with a two-chambered seed, have a tap root system, and leaves that branch out like a maple leaf. Their flowers are not multiple of 3

  dicots
• Animals that mostly eat meat

  carnivora
• are identifiable for the way they gnaw when they eat.

  rodentia
• Better known as bats

  Chiropptera
• have advanced hands and feet (usually with opposable thumbs) and large brains, making them the most advanced of all animals.

  primates