DRRR

• Active volcanoes


  Erupted within historic times (within the last 600 years)
• Potentially active volcanoes


  Young-looking and No historical records of eruption
• Inactive volcanoes


  No records of eruptions and Physical form is being changed by movement of sediments
• Mount Mayon, Mount Pinatubo and the Taal Volcano


  most famous volcanoes in the Philippines
• Mt. Mayon


  most recognized due to its feature as a perfect stratovolcano or a perfect cone-shape volcano.
• The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo


  in June 1991 It was characterized as the 2nd largest eruption of the 20th century. The eruption resulted in the death of hundreds (estimated at 800) of people and thousands (estimated at 10,000) became homeless.
• Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruptions


  These warning signs may be used to monitor as to the possibility of its eruption.
• By seismicity


  the tremor felt near areas of active volcanoes
• The study of ground deformation


  This is one of the traditional methods used by people living near volcanoes. People considered that changes in the surface of volcano is brought by some changes that happens underneath it
• Monitor gases that come out of fumaroles


  The most noticeable sign of impending volcanic eruption is the emission of gases from its fumaroles
• Observing the visible changes to fumarole areas


  According to volcanologists, a volcano which has the potential erupt is observed to have changes in the size of smoke or magma volatiles in the atmosphere
• Satellite based monitoring


  This is done through obtaining thermal images of volcanic areas
• Precautionary Measures Before Earthquake


  hazard acceptance, Emergency kit essentials, obey safety rules or orders from the government, Prepare masks in case of tephra falls, Vulnerable groups safety.
• Precautionary Measures During Earthquake


  High grounds, seek cover in case of ash falls or rock falls, Use masks or cloth to cover your mouth and nose, All doors and windows must be closed, if not at risk stay indoors, identify safe zones or evacuation centers, Be more watchful, turn off air-condition equipment.
• Precautionary Measures After Earthquake


  Family heads may go back to check properties, Check all damages, start cleaning the house and surroundings, Always be alert to announcement, Ensure safety of the house before returning, knowledgeable in first aid may also assist.
• Ways in Preparing for a Volcano Emergency


  Be aware with the available emergency plans, Always be prepared for the hazards, Prepare for a family evacuation plan, Consider an emergency communication plan, List names of relatives and friends, Establish contact with the local emergency.
• Geological hazard


  poses threat to life and property.
• Landslides


  the untoward movement of slope.
• Rotational slide


  This slide shows a concave upward surface of rupture with rotational movement parallel to the ground surface and transverse across the slide.
• Translational slide


  In this type of slide, the landslide mass moves along a roughly planar surface with little rotation or backward tilting
• Block slide


  is a translational slide in which the moving mass consists of a single unit or a few closely related units that move downslope as relatively coherent mass
• Fall


  abrupt movements of masses of geologic materials, such as rocks

  and boulders that become detached from steep slopes or cliffs.
• Topple


  distinguished by the forward rotation of a unit or units about some pivotal point, below or low in the unit, under the actions of gravity and forces exerted by adjacent units or by fluids in cracks
• Debris flow


  form of rapid mass movement in which a combination of loose soil, rock, organic matter, air, and water mobilize as a slurry that flows

  downslope.
• Debris avalanche


  This is a variety of very rapid to extremely rapid debris flow
• Earthflow


  have a characteristic "hourglass" shape. The slope material liquefies and runs out, forming a bowl or depression at the head.
• Creep


  the imperceptibly slow, steady, downward movement of slope-

  forming soil or rock.
• Lateral spreads


  they are distinctive because they usually occur on very gentle

  slopes or flat terrain.
• Causes of Landslides


  Incapability of land to hold water, Earthquakes, Volcanic eruption, Man-made causes.
• Mitigating the Effects of Landslides


  it may be considered as any activity that would reduce the impact of landslide to people, animals and property.
• Vulnerability to landslide hazards


  Location, Type of human activity, Land use, Frequency of landslide events.
• Precautions During Landslides


  Stay out of the route, Do not cross flooding rivers, Remember to save yourself, Be alert to any unusual sounds, Check on your surroundings constantly.
• Precautions After Landslides


  Impaired ground plants shall be replanted immediately, Check for any damage, Report damages to proper authorities, Do not attempt to return, Allow or assist rescuers to the locations of trapped victims.
• Sinkhole


  it is a sunken or hole from the surface to the inner part of the earth due to some natural or artificial phenomena.
• Black holes


  a term used to describe the sinkhole in Bahamas
• Blue holes


  from the deep color of underwater sinkhole in the Bahamas
• Cenotes


  sinkholes found in the Yucatan Peninsula, Belize and some other regions
• Tiankengs


  refers to huge sinkholes
• Tomo


  in New Zealand, this is a term used to describe pot holes.
• Solution sinkholes / dissolution sinkholes

  These are most commonly seen in areas that have a very thin cover of soil on the surface, or there is little soil or vegetation.