Disasters

• Earthquake: a perceptible shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of a sudden release of energy within the earth's crust that creates seismic waves
• Tsunami: A series of large ocean waves that travel long distances caused by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, or other disturbance underwater
• Earthquake: also known as quake, tremor or temblor
• Geologists explain that earthquakes is a type of hazard that depends on the strength of seismic activity
• Ground shaking or ground motion: can cause buildings, bridges, and other structures to collapse
• Landslide: slopes become unstable, leading to downhill movement of soil and rocks
• Magnitude: a number, which is a measure of energy released in an earthquake
• Intensity: a measure of the strength of shaking during the earthquake
• Liquefaction: the strength and stiffness of soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading
• Ground or surface rupture: an offset of the ground structure when fault rupture extends to the Earth's surface
• Subsidence: lowering of the ground surface
• Lateral spreading: sloping ground starts to move downhill, causing cracks to open up that are often seen along hill crests and river banks
• Natural Signs of an Impending Tsunami: animal behavior and drawback
• Volcano: fascinating geological features that are formed when molten rocks, ash, and gas escape from the Earth's surface
• Volcano: can be found all around the world and come in different shapes and sizes
• Volcano: some are active and erupt frequently, while others are dormant or extinct and haven't erupted in many years or even thousands of years
• Volcanic eruptions can produce lava flows and ash clouds
• Crater: bowl-shaped depression at the top of the volcano that forms when the summit collapses after an earthquake.
• Magma Chamber: large underground cavity or reservoir where molten rocks (magma) are stored before it erupts
• Conduit: long narrow channel that connects the magma chamber to the volcano's surface.
• Fumarole: vent on the surface of the volcano that emits steam, gas, and other volcanic gases
• Fumaroles are usually found near the summit
• Volcanoes release sulfur and carbon dioxide, which are dangerous chemicals.
• Shield Volcano: have a broad, gently sloping cone shape, similar to a warrior shield laid in the ground
• Shield Volcano: They are formed by numerous lava flows that spread out in all directions from a central vent (conduit)
• Shield volcanoes typically have non-explosive eruptions and produce thin, runny lava that flows long distances
• Some well-known examples of shield volcanoes are Mauna Loa and Kilauea in Hawaii
• Stratovolcano: tall, steep-sided volcanoes with a classic, cone-shaped appearance
• Stratovolcano: They are formed by alternating layers by lava, ash, and other volcanic debris
• Stratovolcano: have explosive or non-explosive eruptions and are known for their powerful explosions
• Examples of stratovolcanoes are Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount St. Helens in the U.S.
• Cinder Cone: small, steep-sided volcanoes made up of ash, cinders, and volcanic bombs formed by explosive eruptions that eject the material from a single vent, pilling it up around the vent
• Examples of cinder cones are Mount Kea in Hawaii and Mount Etna in Italy
• Volcanic eruption occurs when magma rises to the surface and erupts through a vent in the Earth’s crust
• There are several types of volcanic eruptions, and they can be classified based on the type of magma involved, the amount of ash present in the magma, and the style of eruption
• Vulcanian Eruption: more explosive the Hawaiian and Strombolian eruptions, and they are characterized by the ejection of large amounts of ash, gas, and rock fragments into the air
• The Vulcanian eruption column can reach several kilometers high, and the ash can travel long distances
• Plinian Eruption: most explosive type of volcanic eruption
• Plinian Eruption: They are characterized by the eruption of large amounts of ash, gas, and pumice into the air, forming a mushroom-shaped cloud that can rise several tens of kilometers into the atmosphere
• Pelean Eruption: The volcanic vent can become blocked by viscous magma, causing a build-up of pressure that is released in a violent explosion