ENDOCRINOLOGY

• Substances that act distant from its place of origin

  Hormones
• Hormones are chemical signals produced by _____ secreted into the blood stream, carry to a target tissue to produce biochemical changes, usually to increase the level of activity of a process or series of reactions.

  Specialized cells
• What is the major function of hormones?

  Feedback Mechanism
• What is the purpose of the feedback mechanism?

  To maintain the constancy of intracellular and extracellular fluids
• Glands and organs that secrete substances in the bloodstream

  Endocrinology
• Regulatory system of the body by means of control of hormone synthesis

  Endocrine System
• Decrease - product

  Increase - activity of the system and production rate

  Positive Feedback Mechanism
• Increase - product

  Decrease - activity of the system and production rate

  Negative Feedback Mechanism
• T/F: Each hormone is produced by a specific endocrine gland.

  True
• T/F: Hormones are released directly from the endocrine gland to the blood circulation and carried to the site of action as free hormone or bound to transport protein.


  True
• What are the types of hormones according to action?


  Autocrine, Paracrine, Intracrine, Endocrine, Juxtacrine, Exocrine
• The action of this hormone is to act directly upon themselves. 


  Autocrine
• The action of this hormone is to act adjacent to the cells of origin. 


  Paracrine
• The action of this hormone is to act within the cells of origin without ever exiting the cells. 


  Intracrine
• The action of this hormone is to be secreted in one location and release into blood circulation, binds to specific receptor to elicit physiological response


  Endocrine
• The action of this hormone is to be secreted in endocrine cells and remains in relation to plasma membrane acts on immediately adjacent cell by direct cell to cell contact.


  Juxtacrine
• The action of this hormone is to be secreted in endocrine cells and interacts with receptors of cells at distant sites; secreted into ducts


  Exocrine
• What hormone releases TSH and Prolactin?

  Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
• What hormone releases growth hormone?

  Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
• What hormone releases LH and FSH?

  Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
• What hormone releases ACTH?

  Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
• What hormone inhibits GH and TSH and has an additional effect on the gut and pancreatic function?

  Somatostatin
• What hormone inhibits prolactin release?


  Dopamine
• Structure of TRH


  3 amino acids
• Structure of GnRH


  10 amino acids
• Structure of CRH


  41 amino acids
• Structure of GHRH


  44 amino acids
• Structure of somatostatin


  14 and 28 amino acids
• Structure of dopamine


  1 amino acid
• What are the hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, other releasing factors
• What are the hormones produced by the APG?

  Thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, growth hormone
• What are the hormones produced by the PPG?


  Vasopressin and Oxytocin
• What are the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla?


  Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
• What are the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?


  Cortisol, II-deoxycortisol, aldosterone
• What are the hormones produced by the thyroid?


  T3, T4, Calcitonin
• What are the hormones produced by the parathyroid?


  Parathyroid Hormone
• What are the hormones produced by the gastrointestinal tract?


  Gastrin and others
• What are the hormones produced by the ovaries?


  Estrogen and Progesterone
• What are the hormones produced by the placenta?


  Progesterone, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human Placental Lactogen
• What are the hormones produced by the testes?


  Testosterone, Other Androgens