Tutorial test and revision

• Penicillin


  Inhibits cell wall synthesis
• Cephalosporin


  Inhibits cell wall synthesis
• Quinolones


  Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
• Carbapenems


  Newer drug for this generation
• When a person infected with tuberculosis decides to skip medication doses during treatment, the bacteria will develop resistance to the medication. This is an example of acquired resistance.
• Beta-lactamase inhibitors


  • Clavulanic acid
  • Tazobactam
  • Sulbactam
• Function of beta-lactamase inhibitors

  Inhibit the beta-lactamase secreted by the bacteria
• Mefloquine should not be used in patients with psychiatric/mental disorders or suicidal tendencies
• Doxycycline and Mefloquine are examples of drugs taken daily during malaria prophylaxis
• Rifampicin causes reddish orange urine
• Isoniazid causes numbness of fingers
• Ethambutol causes retrobulbar neuritis
• ACT


  Artemisinin-based combination therapy
• Symptoms of tuberculosis


  • Fever
  • Chest pain
  • Sudden weight loss
  • Night sweats
• Symptoms of malaria


  • Fever
  • Jaundice
  • Muscle ache
  • Headache
  • Nausea
• Amikacin


  Aminoglycoside (injection)
• Erythromycin


  Macrolide (tablet) - used for sore throat, upper respiratory infection
• Trimethoprim


  Anti-folate/inhibits the folate pathway (for UTI)
• Ringworm


  Caused by fungi (microsporum/trichophyton/epidermophyton)
• Tuberculosis


  Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Malaria prophylaxis


  Preventive treatment for malaria using medicine
• Griseofulvin


  Antifungal (inhibitor of cell mitosis)
• Miconazole


  Imidazole (azole)
• Squalene epoxidase inhibitors


  • Terbinafine
  • Naftifine
  • Butenafine
• Echinocandins


  Also known as the penicillin of antifungals
• Ethambutol can cause retrobulbar neuritis
• Rifampicin can cause reddish orange urine
• Quinolone antibiotics bind to DNA gyrase
• Nystatin (antifungal) is widely used as a topical drug instead of a systemic drug due to its low systemic toxicity
• Sulfonamides


  Inhibit pteridine synthetase(antifolate)
• Trimethoprim


  Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (antifolate)
• Disinfectants can damage proteins, rupture cell membranes, and damage nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
• Risk factors for cancer

  • Alcoholic history
  • Age
  • Diet
• Factors affecting disinfection efficiency

  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Time of contact
• Chemicals used as disinfectants


  • Chlorine (halogens)
  • Alcohols
  • Detergents/soaps
• Cold chain


  Maintain optimal conditions for vaccines/biological products/foods
• Dosing regimen for vaccines

  • MMR: Dose 1 at 9 months, Dose 2 at 12 months
  • DPT: 2, 4, 6 months, 15-18 months, 4-6 years
  • HPV: 1 dose for girls at 13 years
• Compulsory/non-compulsory vaccines


  • Varicella zoster (chicken pox) - non-compulsory
  • Influenza - non-compulsory
  • Hepatitis A - non-compulsory
  • Hepatitis B - compulsory
  • Japanese Encephalitis - compulsory
  • Polio - compulsory
• Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor
• Ceftazidime is a 3rd generation cephalosporin