a person who leaves his/her birth country to work or reside in another country for his/her desired better living conditions.
Refugee
a person who was compelled to leave his/ her native country to escape war, political persecution, calamity, natural disaster, and other life-threatening events.
Remittances
amount of money sent by the migrant to their home country through money transfer.
Diaspora is the movement/dispersion of community of migrants, refugees, or exiles bound by a common cultural heritage and/ or home country
AgglomerationEconomies
are the benefits enjoyed by businesses and citizens in a place where firms and people conglomerate near one another, usually in cities and industrial zones
Knowledge Economy
economy in which growth is propelled by the production,
dissemination, and processing of information toward creativeinnovations, instead of the usual industrial mass production of commodities.
Global City
Also known as world city or sometimes alpha city or world center. It is main physical and geographic playground of the globalizing forces. It can play a leading role in the globalized world for it also serves as a place for innovation, creativity, and production
Val Colic – Peisker said that being cosmopolitan and post-industrial is the leading attribute of a global city.
Gabriela Rico summarizes the United Nations Human Settlements Program’s (UN-Habitat) World Cities Report by identifying the following as the key trends that characterize global urbanization for the past twenty years.
Downsides in a Global City
According to Saskia Sassen enumerates downsides of everyday life in a global city:
High housingcosts
Long working hours
Competitive and precarious labor market
Longcommuting times
Urbananonymity
Relative socialisolation
Fear of strangers and crime after (or even before) dark
Residentialhyper-mobility
The challenges of practicing neighborliness and multiculturalism in close
propinquity to diverse neighbors.
What is Demography?
study of population based on factors such as age, race, sex.
Birth Rate is the number of births per 1000 people per year
Death Rate (Mortality) is the percentage of people who die relative to the country’s population (annual)
Life Expectancy is the expectation of life – at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in the country
FertilityRate
The total number of children born by a woman at a point of time during her child-bearing age (15 to 45 years).
ThomasMalthus (1766-1834)
“Population was growingfaster than the amount of resources we could produce” Theorized pessimistically that the population was uncontrollable.
Suggested that population would outgrow resources (food) Catastrophe (war, famine, disease) would cut the population and restore balance.
Maltusian Theory
Population increases geometrically (exponential)
Food increases arithmetically
RonaldLee
“Before the start of the transition, life was short, births were many, growth was slow, and the population was young. During the transition, first mortality and then fertility declined, causing population growth rates to accelerate and then to slow again, moving toward low fertility, long life and an old population”
Demographictransition theory
This model predicts that, as a country develops, high birth rates and high death rates will fall.
Predicts that countries will pass through periods of industrialization and urbanization on the way to reducedbirth rates.
Demographic Transition Model Stages
Stage 1
High BirthRates, High fluctuating death rates resulting in small population growth.
Plagues, diseases, and poor nutritionkeep mortality high.
Stage 2
Improved health care, sanitation, and increased food supplies leading to a rapid fall in death rates.
Birthrates are still high, so there is a rapid increase in population numbers
Stage 3
Decreased growth rate of a population. Birth rates begin to fall.
Industrialization, urbanization, and improved living standards lead to less desire for large families.
In much of Europe the transition somehow coincided with industrialization (led to the scientific inquiries which helped improve health care of many citizens), the period between 1760 and 1860.
Stage 4
Completion of transition to a low growth rate with low birth and death rates.
The birth rate may fluctuate in special circumstances, such as in post-war “baby-boom".
Stage 5
Lower birth rate than death rate. Happening in some European countries and in Japan.
It is notknown if this trend will extend to other regions.
Demographic dividend refers to the growth in an economy that is the result of a change in the age structure of a country’s population. The change in age structure is typically brought on by a decline infertility and mortality rates.
Livi-Bacci asserts that the trend of the demographic transition is not set in stone and can be disrupted by some factors like man-made disasters, deadly disease , rising cost of the health care system , and demographic aging.
Migration is a movement of people from one place to another with intention of settling permanently or temporarily at a new location.
Internal Migration refers to the people moving from one place to another but within one country only.
International Migration is the movement of people across international borders for purpose settlement