ORG CHEM LAB

• Naphthalene


  • Aromatic hydrocarbon
  • Expected to show poor solubility in water due to its nonpolar nature
• Urea


  • Compound with both amine and carbonyl functional groups
  • Highly soluble in water due to ability to form hydrogen bonds
• Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)


  • Ionic compound
  • Dissolves well in water due to polar water molecules surrounding and separating the Na+ and NO3- ions
• Naphthalene


  • Quite soluble in petroleum ether, a nonpolar solvent, due to similarity in polarity
• Urea


  • Likely to exhibit poor solubility in petroleum ether due to lack of polarity in the solvent
• Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)


  • Expected to have poor solubility in petroleum ether due to nonpolar nature of the solvent
• Boiling Point (BP)


  The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure surrounding the liquid
• Melting Point (MP)


  The temperature at which a solid material transitions to a liquid phase
• Factors affecting Melting and Boiling Points

  • Molecular Weight
  • Intermolecular Forces (Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Van der Waals Forces)
  • Structural Shape
• 1. Butyl Alcohol (1-Butanol)


  • MP: -89.8 °C
  • BP: 117.7 °C
• tert-Butyl Alcohol (t-Butanol)


  • MP: 25.5 °C
  • BP: 82.2 °C
• 1. Amyl Alcohol (1-Pentanol)


  • MP: -70 °C
  • BP: 131.1 °C
• Salicylic Acid


  • MP: 159 °C
• Stearic Acid


  • MP: 69.6 °C
• Benzoic Acid


  • MP: 122.4 °C
• Beilstein Test


  1. Create loop on copper wire

  2. Heat in flame until stops changing color

  3. Cool, dip in chloroform, reheat

  4. Observation: Green flame indicates halogens
• Silver Nitrate Test


  1. Add nitric acid to monochloroacetic acid, boil gently

  2. Introduce silver nitrate solution

  3. Observation: White precipitate confirms chloride ions
• Ferrox Test (Test for Oxygen)


  1. Place organic solutions in test tubes

  2. Add ferrox reagent, stir

  3. Observation: Color change (red) indicates oxygen presence
• Lead Acetate Test (Test for Sulfur)


  1. Mix albumin with NaOH and lead acetate

  2. Boil the solution

  3. Observation: Black precipitate signals sulfur