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CHEMISTRY
Chapter 2 - Experiment Technique & Method of Purification
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The
purity
of the product can be determined by comparing its
melting point
If the melting points are
identical,
it is likely that the compound has been
isolated
pure.
Crystallization from
solvents
other than
water
may also result in crystals being formed.
Precipitation
reactions involve adding a precipitating agent to a solution containing a
soluble
ion or molecule.
Crystallization
from solvents other than water may also be used to
isolate
compounds.
Element
Substance that
cannot
be
broken
down
into
simpler
substances
by
chemical
means
Compound
Substance formed when
two
or
more
different
elements
are
chemically
combined
in a
fixed
proportion
Mixture
Combination of
two
or
more substances
that are not
chemically
combined
and
can
be
separated
by
physical
means
Mixtures
Easily
separated
No
fixed
ratio
/
amount
Properties
remain
unchanged
Compound
Chemically
mixed
Hard
to
separate
Fixed
ratio/
amount
Properties
change
Solution
Homogeneous
mixture of a
solute
dissolved in a
solvent
Solute
Substance
dissolved
in
a
solvent
Solvent
Dissolving
medium
in
a
solution
Heterogeneous Mixtures
distinguishable
Colloid
Mixture with
insoluble
tiny
particles
spread
evenly
throughout
a
liquid
Suspension
Mixture with
insoluble
solid
spread
throughout
a
liquid
but
quickly
settles
to the bottom
Example of Suspension
Solid
+
liquid
Insoluble
liquid
in
liquid
(e.g. oil in water)
Filtration
Separate
insoluble
solid
from
liquid
Buchner funnel
1.
Flask
connected
to
suction
pump
2.
Faster
Decanting
Pour
liquid
away
,
sedimentation,
slow
and
inefficient
Sieving
Smaller particles
pass
through pores
Sublimation
Solid
to
gas
(e.g. sulfur, iodine), only for
substances
that
can
undergo
sublimation
Centrifugation
Separation
based
on
density
using
centrifugal
forces
Simple distillation
Separate
solvent
from
solution
based
on
boiling point
Fractional distillation
Separate
miscible
liquids
based
on
boiling
point
Crystallization
Concentrate
solution
until
saturated
, then
crystals
form
Separating funnel
Separate
immiscible
liquids
Magnetic separation
Separate
magnetic
from
non-magnetic
substances
Chromatography
Separate substances
based
on
solubility
and
capillary
action
Rf
value
Distance
travelled
by
substance
/
distance
travelled
by
solvent
Homogeneous
indistinguishable