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Reproduction and Development
Plant Reproduction and Development
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Chlamydonas producing gametes or spirogyra undergoing conjugation as example. Similar or identical in size, structure.
Isogamy
Fertilization
- fusion of two haploid cells to form diploid zygote
Animal sperm and egg as example, dissimilar in size and structure. What type of union of gametes is it?
Heterogamy
Bisexual reproduction
involves fusion of gametes from 2 different individuals.
Hermaphrodites
are organisms that have both male and female reproductive organs. Usually invertebrates.
Sporogenesis
- formation of spores by
mitosis
Haplontic
Life cycle- haploid stage (gametophyte) is dominant, multicellular and the only diploid stage is the fertilized egg cell.
Haplodiplontic
life cycle- includes multicellular diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophytes) generations.
Mitotic
division produces genetically identical cells.
The process of
pollination
is when pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of another flower or plant.
Meiosis produces genetically diverse cells with
half
the number of chromosomes as
parental
cells.
Fertilization results in
zygote
formation.
Gamete production occurs through
meiosis.
Self-fertilization
occurs when pollen from one flower reaches the ovules of the same flower.
Fertilization
occurs when sperm from anther fuses with eggs in ovules inside the pistil.
Asexual reproduction
occurs without sexual intercourse, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to their parent(s).
Sexual
reproduction
involves two parents contributing genetic material through gametes.
Diplontic
life cycle- the diploid stage is dominant, multicellular and the haploid stage is represented by the single-celled gametes.
In plants, the
gametophyte
generation produces gametes (eggs and sperms) which fertilize to form zygotes.
The
sporophyte
generation produces spores which develop into gametophytes.
Flower-
a reproductive shoots that usually composed of four parts- sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
Sepal-
modified leaves at the base of flower that protect buds from damage.
Stamen-
male sex organ consisting of anther with microspore mother cells and filament.
Petal-
brightly colored structures that attract pollinators.
Anther-
saclike structure containing pollen grains
Carpel-
female organ that contains ovules or egg cells.
Filament-
stalk supporting the anther
Pollen grain-
male gamete produced by the anther
Receptacle
(Torus)- usually shortened, conical or disk shaped at the upper end of the stalk of the flower.
Ovary-
lower part of the carpel which houses the
ovule
(s)
Stigma-
sticky surface where pollen is deposited
Style-
elongated tube connecting stigma to ovary
Calyx, coralla, and receptacle are
accessory organs.
Stamen and
pistil
are
essential
organs.
Calyx-
outermost green leaf like structure
Sepal-
lobe of calyx
Gamosepalous-
sepals are united forming a tube.
Polysepalous-
sepals are free from one another
Corolla-
inside the calyx, bright colored delicate petals
Gamopetalous-
petals are united forming a corolla tube
Polypetalous-
free from one another (petals)
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