PED 107 FINALS

• Deaf-Blindness


  This term is used when a child has both hearing and vision impairments. The combination of these two sensory impairments can cause severe communication and developmental issues.
• Definition of Deaf-Blindness


  • "Concomitant (simultaneous) hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness."
• Causes of Deaf-Blindness


  • Prematurity and Charge Syndrome
  • Usher Syndrome
  • Down Syndrome
  • Meningitis
  • Brain Injury
  • Inherited Conditions
• Characteristics of Deaf-Blind People

  • Students with Significant Hearing and Vision Impairments
  • Students with Mild to Severe Hearing and Vision Impairments
  • Multi-disabled Students
• Treatment/Interventions for Deaf-Blindness


  1. Early Identification and Referral

  2. Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)

  3. Specialized Instruction

  4. Communication Services

  5. Orientation and Mobility Services

  6. Assistive Technology

  7. Parent and Family Training

  8. Collaborative Services

  9. Transition Services

  10. Accessible Environments
• Assistive Devices


  • Tactile Communication Devices
  • Braille Devices
  • Assistive Listening Devices
  • Tactile Sign Language
  • Communication Apps
  • Assistive Technology for Vision
• Deafness


  A hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification
• Typically hearing loss above 90 decibels is considered deafness, according to National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY)
• "WITH OR WITHOUT AMPLIFICATION"
• Developmental Delay


  As categorized by IDEA
• Developmental Delay


  A slow meet or not reaching milestones in one or more areas of development (cognition, motor, communication, behavior, or emotion)
• Hearing loss


  • Can range from mild to profound
  • Has many different causes, including injury, disease, genetic defects and the aging process
• Developmental Delay


  When a child reaches a developmental milestone at a slower rate compared to their peers. The child has not gain the necessary skills to reach the milestone.
• Congenital hearing loss


  Hearing loss at birth
• Emotional Disturbance


  A condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child's educational performance: (A) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors, (B) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers, (C) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances, (D) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression, (E) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems
• Developmental Delay


  Pertains to when a child's progression through predictable developmental phases slows down or stops. Children's development on certain aspects are slower-than-normal.
• Causes of Emotional Disturbance

  • Stress
  • Diet
  • Brain Disorder
  • Trauma
  • Life experiences
• Primary Domains that can be affected by Developmental Delay

  • Motor Skills
  • Sensory Skills
  • Social Skills
  • Cognitive Skills
• Acquired hearing loss


  Hearing loss that occurs after birth
• Examples of evident manifestation of DD among children

  • Hard time holding simple objects or fine motor skills (Motor)
  • Difficulty with problem-solving skills (Cognitive)
  • Trouble with talking or talking late (Social)
• Characteristics of Emotional Disturbance

  • Hyperactivity (short attention span, impulsiveness)
  • Aggression or self-injurious behavior (acting out, fighting)
  • Withdrawal (not interacting socially with others, excessive fear or anxiety)
  • Immaturity (inappropriate crying, temper tantrums, poor coping skills)
  • Learning difficulties (academically performing below grade level)
• The most common cause of acquired hearing loss is noise, which accounts for over one quarter of people affected by hearing loss
• Causes of Developmental Delay

  • No known cause
  • Genetic factors, such as Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome or Angelman syndrome
  • Being born prematurely
  • Genetic conditions like Down syndrome or muscular dystrophy
  • Poor eyesight or hearing
  • Malnutrition
  • A mother's alcohol or drug use during pregnancy
  • Physical abuse or neglect
• Educational Interventions


  • Individualized Education Program (IEP)
  • Positive Behavior Support (PBS)
  • Social Skills Training
  • Behavioral Interventions
  • Counseling and Therapy
  • Self-Regulation Strategies
  • Collaboration and Communication
• Symptoms/Characteristics of deafness


  • Muffling of speech and other sounds
  • Trouble understanding words, especially when in a crowd or a noisy place
  • Trouble hearing the letters of the alphabet that aren't vowels
  • Often asking others to speak more slowly, clearly and loudly
  • Needing to turn up the volume of the television or radio
  • Staying clear of some social settings
  • Being bothered by background noise
  • Ringing in the ears, known as tinnitus
• Symptoms of Developmental Delay

  • Rolling over, crawling or walking much later than expected
  • Difficulty communicating, talking or fitting in socially
  • Problems with connecting actions to consequences
  • Inability to perform everyday tasks without help, such as getting dressed or using the bathroom
  • Trouble remembering instructions
  • Learning challenges in school
• Individualized Education Program (IEP)


  Outlines specific educational goals, accommodations, and services tailored to the child's needs
• Characteristics of Developmental Delay

  • Delays in Milestones
  • Motor Skills delay
  • Speech and Language delay
  • Cognitive delay
  • Social and emotional challenges
  • Sensory Processing Difficulties
  • Behavioral Problems
  • Attention Difficulties
  • Adaptive Functioning Challenges
  • Learning Disabilities
• Positive Behavior Support (PBS)


  An approach aimed at promoting desirable behaviors and reducing challenging behaviors in individuals with emotional disturbance
• Challenges of Developmental Delay

  • Academic struggles
  • Social and emotional difficulties
  • Communication barriers
  • Motor skills limitations
  • Behavioral issues
  • Self-care and Independence
• Social Skills Training


  Aims to teach individuals with emotional disturbance the necessary skills to navigate social interactions effectively
• Educational Intervention


  1. Children with developmental delays may be eligible to receive early intervention or special education and related services

  2. A child with an existing diagnosed condition that has a high probability of resulting in a developmental delay qualifies for early intervention
• Behavioral Interventions


  • Behavior Intervention Plans (BIP) - develop plans to address challenging behaviors
  • Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) - identify triggers and functions of behaviors through assessment
• Deafness is one of the 14 disabilities according to IDEA
• Counseling and Therapy


  • Individual or Group counseling
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Expressive Therapies
• Educational Intervention


  • Physical Therapy
  • Occupational Therapy
  • Speech and Language Therapy
  • Early Childhood Special Education
  • Behavioral Therapy
• Educational Interventions, Tips, Strategies and Assistive Technologies

  • Early Intervention Services
  • Individualized Education Program (IEP)
  • Specialized Instruction
  • Assistive Technology
  • Communication Support Services
  • Collaboration with Families and Professionals
• Self-Regulation Strategies


  • Deep breathing
  • Mindfulness
  • Progressive Muscle Relaxation
• Hearing Impairment


  An impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child's educational performance but that is not included under the definition of Deafness
• Tips for Handling Learners with DD

  • Communicate properly and directly
  • Simplify a complex subject matter
  • Promote a fun and interactive learning environment
  • Work with the family
  • Appropriate use of positive reinforcement
  • Don't pressure your learners
  • Consider the learners' experience
  • Use objects for the child to hold and interact with (Motor)
  • Demonstrate what you want to teach rather than giving instructions verbally (Cognition)
  • Set a routine for children's action (Social)
  • Use visuals to display objects with their names/descriptions (Sensory)