21st Cen Lit

• Drama


  Stories in verse or prose form that are meant to be performed onstage in front of an audience
• Dramatists/Playwrights


  Authors who write dramas
• Elements of drama


  • Similar to those of fiction except that drama is written in a form called script, in which the lines are written in dialogues with stage directions
  • Instead of chapters, dramas are divided into acts and scenes

  
• Drama


  Serves to persuade because it can be used as propaganda
• Types of drama


  • Tragedy
  • Comedy
  • Musical drama
  • Farce
  • Melodrama
• Tragedy


  • Central character has a tragic flaw, making this character a tragic hero
  • He or she possesses a characteristic that can lead to his or her downfall
• Tragedy


  • Hamlet by William Shakespeare

  
• Comedy


  • Aims to make the audience laugh
  • Lighthearted
  • Often take place in unusual circumstances, and it is typical for characters in these plays to utter witty remarks
• Comedy


  • Four Sisters before the Wedding, Bakit lahat ng Gwapo may Boyfriend?!
• Musical drama


  • Characters dance and sing
  • Various themes are presented, from serious to comedic
• Farce


  • A nonsensical drama that employs slapstick humor
  • Mainly comedic
  • Characterized by absurd conditions or situations and ardent actions
• Melodrama


  • Characterized by the characters' exaggerated emotions in various situations
• Dialogue


  • Refers to the characters' speech and is considered the lifeblood of drama
  • The audience get to understand the story, not only by the characters' actions but also by their speech
• One-act play


  • A play that has only one act, as distinct from plays that occur over several acts
  • May consist of one or more scenes
  • The 20-40 minute play has emerged as a popular subgenre of the one-act play, especially in writing competitions
• Monologue


  A long speech given by one character that can be heard by or directed to other characters who are also onstage
• Soliloquy


  The speech of a character who is alone onstage portrayed as though the character is talking to himself or herself, or to the audience, and the words cannot be heard by the other characters
• Aside


  A remark that a character makes that is meant only for the audience to hear, other characters onstage do not hear asides
• Elements of drama


  • Direction
  • Acting
  • Editing
  • Set design
  • Cinematography
  • Production design
  • Costume design
  • Make-up
  • Properties
  • Light/Light effects
  • Sound effects
  • Visual effects
  • Theme song
  • Musical score
  • Story
• Modes/medium of drama


  • Stage play
  • Radio play
  • Television play
  • Movie/Film
• Jose Rizal: 'Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.'
• Lualhati Bautista: 'Huwag mong ituring na bato ang kanyang mga salita.'
• Bob Ong: 'Hindi kita iiwan. Hindi kailanman.'
• Periods of Philippine literature

  • Pre-Colonial
  • Spanish
  • American
  • Contemporary
• Pre-Colonial period


  • Most literary works were transmitted through oral tradition
  • In some cases, ancestors made use of a writing system to pen down some works of literature
  • Early literary written forms were destroyed by the Spanish friars
  • Surviving texts were restored because of resistance and geographical isolation
• Conventions of oral literature


  • Common experiences of the community as subject matter
  • Communal authorship
  • Formulaic repetitions
  • Stereotyping of characters
  • Regular rhythmic and musical devices
• Mythological age


  The period when ancestors told stories about the creation of human beings and the world, natural phenomena, and deities and spirits
• Heroic age


  • Ordinary mortals and cultural heroes became the chief subject matter in this period
  • Epics became a popular genre
  • Chanted during important events in the community to inspire people
  • Also performed to remind the community of their ideals and values
• Folktales


  • Traditional stories that had humans, animals, and even plants as characters
  • Fictional tales that have been modified through successive retellings before they were finally recorded and written down
• Baybayin


  • The pre-colonial Filipino writing system
  • Derived from Kavi, a Javanese (Indonesian) script
  • A syllabic script, which means each character stands for a syllable and is made up of a combination of basic shapes
  • Early Filipinos wrote on palm leaves or bamboo using knives as pens and sap from plants and trees as ink
  • The ancient Tagalog script had 17 basic syllables composed of three vowels and fourteen consonants

  
• Baybayin vowels

  • a, e/i, o/u
• Baybayin consonants

  • ba, ka, da/ra, ga, ha, la, ma, na, nga, pa, sa, ta, wa, ya
• March 16, 1521 - when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippine soil
• Homonhon - an island in Eastern Samar where Magellan landed
• Limasawa - where the first Catholic mass in the country was celebrated
• April 14, 1521 - when Fr. Pedro Valderrama baptized more than 500 natives along with Rajah Humabon
• Ruy López de Villalobos - named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Prince Philip of Asturias, who reigned as the King of Spain from 1556 to 1598
• 1565 - the year King Philip II of Spain officially colonized the country and assigned the new expedition to the first Governor-General Miguel López de Legazpi
• Six years later, he established his capital in Manila
• Members of the Reform Movement and wrote for La Solidaridad

  • Dr. Jose P. Rizal (Dimasalang/Laong Laan)
  • Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Plaridel)
  • Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang/Kalipulako)
• Revolutionaries and Kalayaan writers

  • Andres Bonifacio (May Pag-Asa)
  • Emilio Aguinaldo (Dimasilaw)