SYNTHESIZING

• Synthesis


  Combining multiple sources and ideas
• McCombes (2020)


  After summarizing the text, one must analyze and combine their generalization and conclusion to the analysis made
• Formula for Synthesis


  Source 1 + Source 2 + Observation = Synthesized Idea
• Three Types of Synthesis

  • New Understanding
  • Deeper Understanding
  • Changed Understanding
• The REST Method


  1. Read two different sources about a topic and record ideas

  2. Edit notes and combine similar concepts

  3. Synthesize by combining notes with what you already know about the topic

  4. Think about your new ideas and connect them with what you already know
• The ADD Method


  1. What the students already know about the topic

  2. What students learned During the reading on the same topic

  3. What students learned During the discussion of the topic
• Venn Diagram


  1. Record facts about two topics (outer)

  2. Record overlapping facts and ideas (middle)

  3. Add information at each step – prior knowledge, reading, and discussion
• Narrative Text Type


  Helps tell the story and keeps the story moving, includes action, events, and exciting descriptive words, purpose is to entertain the readers through telling a story, written in first or third person perspective and uses past and present tense, has a beginning and ending, characters, setting, conflict and resolution
• Expository Text Type


  Explains and provides instruction on something, may include reports, textbooks, historical, economic, or scientific information, purpose is to simplify and expose ideas through educational and purposeful facts, written in past or present tense, uses signal words, diagrams, charts, illustrations and bullet points or numbers
• Explanatory Text Type


  Gives explanation on a process of how and why something happens, purpose is to explain what, how, and why a certain thing happened, written in past tense and uses technical terminologies and verbs, begins with an open statement that introduces the subject to be delved into
• Recount Text Type


  Retells past events or experience for the purpose of informing or entertaining, purpose is to list and describe past experiences by retelling events in the order in which they happened
• Types of Recount Text

  • Personal Recount (when the writer is involved, examples: diary journals, personal letters, anecdotes, and biographies)
  • Factual Recount (uses useful facts and information on a certain subject, examples: news reports, interviews, and history)
• Persuasive Text Type


  The writer gives his own opinion on a certain subject and seeks to convince the reader to agree, examples: speeches or editorial essays, advertisements, commercials, editorials and other forms of writing where the main goal is persuasion, purpose is to convince readers, written in simple present tense and uses concession, comparison, and cause-effect conjunctions, states opinion on a specific topic and uses facts and evidences to support it
• Paragraph


  Group of several sentences connected together by a single idea, consists of a topic and supporting sentences
• Parts of a Paragraph

  • Topic Sentence (first sentence of a paragraph)
  • Body (contains the supporting sentences used to prove the topic sentence)
  • Concluding Sentence (last sentence that summarizes the main idea)
• Topic Sentence


  Tells the topic and the writer's attitude or idea about the topic, it is the most important sentence in the paragraph and serves as a guide to both the writer and the reader, a complete sentence containing both a topic and a controlling idea
• Characteristics of an Effective Topic Sentence

  • Topic sentence is brief, the sentence is clear and strong, the sentence stands first in the paragraph
• Positioning a Topic Sentence

  • If you want readers to see your point immediately, open with the topic sentence
  • When specific details lead up to a generalization, putting the topic sentence at the end of the paragraph makes sense
  • Occasionally a paragraph's main idea is so obvious that it does not need to be stated explicitly in a topic sentence
• Where is the Topic Sentence located?
• How to Compose a Paragraph Effectively

  • Unity (a paragraph should express a single thought that unifies all the sentences it has)
  • Coherence (all sentences in a paragraph should clearly relate to one another systematically or logically)
  • Adequate Development (the paragraph's topic should be discussed entirely and sufficiently by providing supporting details)
• Methods to Make Sure Your Paragraph is Well-Developed


  • Define your terms
  • Provide examples and illustrations
  • Explain a procedure
  • Compare and contrast
  • Evaluate cause and effect
• Top Tips for Tight Paragraph Writing

  • Consistency is the Key (be consistent in your verb tenses and point of view)
  • Use Transitions Words and Phrases (to link concepts and ideas within the paragraph)
  • Employ Parallel Structures (brings flow to a piece of writing and makes it easier to read and understand)
  • Breathe Life into the Writing (instill your writing with color and vitality by weaving anecdotes, verbal illustrations, rich details, and facts and figures throughout their writing)
  • Edit and Proofreading (take the time to polish your final draft)
• Speech


  The ability to express one's thoughts and emotions by speech sounds and gestures
• Key Tips for Preparing a Speech

  • Organize your speech (helps improve clarity of thought in a systematic way, increases the likelihood that the speech will be effective)
  • Get to the Point (General Purpose - to inform, persuade, entertain or inspire, Specific Purpose - what you want the audience to do after listening to your speech), use short words and short sentences, persuade with power (use logic, emotion, and appropriate humor)
• Structure of a Speech

  • Introduction (most important part of speech, establishes the first, crucial contact between the speaker and the audience, gives a preview)
  • Body (contains all the information to support the idea, explains and discusses the key ideas of the speech, speakers might number main point - first, second third of first, next, finally)
  • Conclusion (summarizes main ideas and give the speech a sense of closure and completion)
• Principles of Speech Delivery

  • Articulation (the clarity of sounds and words we produce)
  • Modulation (the ability to change the tone, pitch, volume, and pace of your voice)
  • Stage Presence (expressing your confidence in front of the audience)
  • Facial Expression, Gesture and Movements (enhances communication by adding depth and nuance to our messages)
  • Audience Rapport (you understand and value the needs of your audience and respond to those needs accordingly)
• Types of Speeches According to Delivery

  • Manuscript (delivers this type of speech in a word-for-word manner)
  • Memorized (speech that involves a commitment to remember the whole content)
  • Extemporaneous (presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes)
  • Impromptu (an unrehearsed speech where the speaker delivers it conversationally and on the spur of the moment)
• Types of Speech According to Purpose

  • Informative Speech (aims to provide interesting and useful information to the audience on a specific topic and focuses on giving significant information and factual statements)
  • Demonstrative Speech (aims to instruct to do something or focuses on how something works)
  • Persuasive Speech (aims to influence the audience)
  • Entertainment Speech (aims to entertain or amuse listeners by using light, funny, or witty anecdotes)