Learning

• Rote Learning - learning without understanding

  e.g. memorization
• Rational Learning - learning with understanding
• Motor Learning - the adaptation of movement to stimuli relating to speed and precision of performance
• Associational Learning - is learning through establishing relationship
• Appreciational Learning - process of acquiring attitudes, ideas, satisfaction, and judgment concerning values as well as the recognition of worth and importance which learner gains from activities
• Basic Principles of Learning

  Recency: Most recent impression or association is more likely to be recalled.
• Stress and Performance

  • A low degree of stress associated with low performance.
  • High stress can set the system into fight-or-flight mode which leads to less brain activity in the cortical areas where higher-level learning happens.
  • Moderate levels of cortisol tend to correlate with the highest performance on tasks of any type.
• creating a neutral pattern - neurons become linked together through repeated use
• Neurons also called nerve cells, send and receive signal/information between different areas of the brain and entire body.
• Faint pattern - when you first begin to understand something (e.g., solving math problem), the neural pattern is there but weak.
• Darker pattern - when you try to solve the problem again from a fresh start without looking at the solution, you begin deepening that neuron pattern.
• Darkest and firm pattern - when you can go over each step of solving a problem completely and concisely in your mind and had practice on related problems, you deepened and strengthened that neuron pattern, making learning permanent.
• Building Strong Neural Structures

  Technique: Spaced repetition - a little everyday.
• Learning types

  Physiological

  • intake
  • time-of-day energy
  • mobility vs passivity
  • perceptual preferences
• Basic Principles of Learning

  Frequency: Knowledge encountered most often is likely to be recalled.
• Basic Principles of Learning

  Vividness - Learning is proportional to vividness of the process.
• Basic Principles of Learning

  Exercise - Using what has learned will help its likelihood to be recalled.
• Basic Principles of Learning

  Readiness - to learn is proportional to the efficiency of learning.
• Learning Styles

  Environmental

  • light
  • sound
  • design
  • temperature
• Learning Styles

  Emotional

  • affect
  • motivation
  • persistence
  • responsibility
• Learning Styles

  Social

  • alone
  • in a pair
  • with peers
  • with an adult
• Extraversion - focus on outer (E)
• Introversion - inner world (I)
• Sensing - focus on taking basic information (S)
• Intuition - interpreting and adding meaning (N)
• Thinking - focus on logic and consistency (T)
• Feeling - people and circumstances (F)
• Judging - focus on getting things decided (J)
• Perceiving - staying open to new information or options (P)
• procrastination - act of unnecessary but intentional (can be habitual) delaying or postponement of tasks.
• Task aversion - we are less willing to do something we do not want to do (an unwelcome or difficult task) so we delay taking action.
• Uncertainty - creates the need for upfront and costly planning before a task can be started so we delay taking action.
• Fear of failure - the fear of making mistakes put pressure to make the best possible choices so we delay taking action.
• external structure - diversion of other tasks, social events or temptations, peer influence, amount of other appointments
• Task aversion - students are less likely to procrastinate in classes they enjoy or in

  classes related to their chosen major.
• current vs future selves - Some students intentionally delay a task to prioritize the well-being of their current selves.
• Personality traits - some students work best under pressure; perfectionist students delay

  action due to fear of failure or overthinking; some students are lazy to approach tasks immediately.
• When you look at something that you really

  rather not do, it seems that you activate the

  area of your brain (i.e., insular cortex)

  associated with pain.
• Naturally, your brain looks for a way to stop

  that negative stimulation by switching your

  attention to something else.
• You turn toward something more pleasant

  and as a result, you feel happier but

  temporarily.