PPG mod 2 lecture

• Political parties in the US

  • Democrats
  • Republicans
• Liberalism


  A political theory that places the individual and their rights as the highest priority
• Conservatism


  A reaction against liberalism
• Liberalism and conservatism are the 2 most influential political ideologies in modern society
• Liberalism and conservatism are not only applicable in politics
• start of the origin of liberalism and conservatism

  1600s
• During the time when James II was about to ascend to the throne

  1. Tories and Whigs emerged in Europe

  2. Whigs were against James II ascending the throne due to his Roman Catholic religion

  3. Tories were in support of the monarchy regardless of religion
• During the 1600s, Roman Catholicism was no longer the established practiced religion. It was already the Church of England (Anglican -the Philippine equivalent)
• Henry VIII created the Church of England after wanting to marry Anne Boleyn
• Liberalism


  Rooted in the Enlightenment principle that revolutionary struggles were a threat to the rights of an individual
• Goals of liberalism over time

  • 18th century: Freedom from restraint
  • 19th century: Freedom from government intervention
  • 20th century: Government assistance to ensure equality
• Waves of feminism


  • 1st wave: Right to vote, go to school
  • 2nd wave: Right to work, equal representation in society
  • 3rd wave: Representation in politics
• Positive liberty


  Making decisions not based on external forces but based on what we like, e.g. voting
• Negative liberty


  Absence of government control in the life of an individual
• Consent of the governed


  The only way the people get the right to govern anyone is when the people give their consent
• John Locke


  Advocated for a limited government where the individual has to surrender a certain part of their rights in return for the government protecting the individual's rights
• If the political party failed to carry out their duties, the people also have the right to withdraw their consent
• The Bill of Rights is to protect individual rights from censorship and tyranny of the state
• The British Empire was spread all over the world, the "empire which the sun never sets"
• Conservatism


  A reaction against liberalism, opposing the change brought about by revolution as illegitimate
• The Congress of Vienna was held to restore the legitimacy of the overthrown monarchs after the Napoleonic Wars
• Anarchism


  A belief that the government or state is a major obstacle to a better society, and all forms of political authority are unnecessary
• Anarchists


  • Don't believe in the state because they do not trust it
  • Believe in self-governance and a stateless society
• Fascism


  Based on the idea of mass politics, where the state manifests the will of the passionate, emotionally charged masses
• Fascism led to extreme nationalism and totalitarianism, where the powerful state has absolute right over the individual
• 1600s

  the time when james II was about to ascend to the throne
• Whigs- against james II ascending the throne
• Tories called whigs liberals- a derogatory term, an insult
• colonial period

  Trigger: war/ invasion- loss of human rights/freedom
• The 19th century goal- freedom from restraint 

  Opposed gov. Intervention
• 20th cent- advocating for gov assistance

  For the poor and gov intervention to ensure equality
• Feminism:

  1st wave- the right to vote. Go to school

  2nd wave- the right to work, equal representation in the society

  3rd wave- representation in politics
• In order for the government to have the right to govern the people, the people must first give their consent/permission 

  by John Locke
• John Locke


  Author of Two Treatises
• In a limited government an individual has to surrender a certain part of their rights when governed to be protected in exchange
• Government


  Has to do everything in its power to protect the individual
• If the political party failed to carry out their duties


  The people also have the right to withdraw their consent
• Limited government


  We have to impose certain limits on the government's authority
• John Locke was advocating for a limited government
• Bill of rights


  The state can abuse its powers thus the bill of rights in our constitution