Conclusions

• Findings in E1


  Mean estimates depended on which verb used in critical q

  not good at estimating speeds- actual speed 20mph, mean estimate 37.7
• verb vs estimated speed

  smashed 40.8

  collided 39.3

  bumped 38.1

  hit 34

  contacted 31.8
• conclusions E1

  Form of a q can affect witnesses answer because of schema of the word affects estimated speed when uncertain - response bias

  or because the verb changes memory
• Findings E2

  Mean estimated for smashed 10.5mph but only 8mph for hit

  faster cars estimated, they were more likely to respond yes to critical q
• E2 Verbs and responses

  smashed YES 16 NO 34

  hit YES 7 NO 43

  control YES 6 NO 44
• E2 Conclusions: the way q is framed can enormously influence response given

  leading qs can alter the memory rather than just speed estimation

  2 kinds of info form a memory: original perception and external info given after