Q4 #2

• Atmosphere


  Layer of gases that surrounds the Earth
• Components of the Atmosphere

  • Nitrogen (78%)
  • Oxygen (21%)
  • Others (1%)
  • Argon (0.9%)
  • Carbon dioxide (0.035)
  • Neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, nitro oxide, carbon monoxide, xenon, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, iodine, ammonia
• Atmosphere


  • Provides protection, maintains temperature, and supports weather and climate systems
• Layers of the Atmosphere

  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Thermosphere
  • Exosphere
• Troposphere


  The lowest layer which only extends 14 to 18 km from the surface, where wind, clouds, water vapor, and weather occurs
• Tropopause


  The boundary zone between Troposphere and Stratosphere
• Stratosphere


  The second layer that is about 50 km above the surface, ideal for aircraft and contains the Ozone layer
• Mesosphere


  The third layer which extends 90 km above the earth, the coldest region with thin air and low atmospheric pressure
• Thermosphere


  Topmost part extends 1000 km above earth, composed of individual gas molecules and holds the Ionosphere
• Exosphere


  Outermost layer of the earth's atmosphere into the vacuum of space, mostly contains hydrogen and helium gases
• Atmospheric Pressure


  Downward force that applies pressure to the earth surface, determined by air mass and temperature
• Types of Air Mass

  • Continental (dry)
  • Maritime (moist)
• Air warms up when it rises

  Air cools when it sinks
• The nearer to the ground


  The higher the pressure will be
• Wind


  Moving Air, caused by the uneven heating of the earth's surface
• Types of Wind


  • Global Winds (trade winds, westerlies, polar easterlies, doldrums)
  • Local Winds (sea breeze, land breeze)
• How wind is produced


  Warm air goes up, surrounding cold air moves to replace it
• Land breeze


  Breeze or wind blowing from the land towards the sea, usually occurs at night or early morning
• Sea breeze


  Breeze or wind blowing from the sea towards the land, usually occurs during summer days
• Precipitation


  Movement of water from the atmosphere to earth's surface, can be liquid (rain) or solid (snow, freezing rain, sleet, hail)
• Types of Precipitation


  • Rain
  • Snow
  • Freezing Rain
  • Sleet
• Weather Disturbance


  A change in atmospheric conditions or weather patterns
• Types of Weather Disturbance

  • Thunderstorm
  • Tropical Cyclone
• Lightning


  Build-up of discharge electrical energy
• Thunder


  The very loud sound created when electrical discharge heats up its surrounding air
• Tropical Cyclone


  A low pressure system that forms in tropical areas of the ocean near the equator, with a swirl around a central eye and counterclockwise wind direction
• Names of Tropical Cyclone

  • Cyclone (South Pacific And Indian Ocean)
  • Hurricane (North Pacific and Atlantic Ocean)
  • Typhoon (Northwest Pacific)
• PAGASA


  Authorized to provide protection against natural calamities, ensure safety and well-being, and promote national progress through scientific and technological services
• Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)


  The red boundary where tropical cyclones with 62 km/h wind speed from the West Philippine sea are likely to enter
• Types of tropical cyclones in the Philippines

  • Tropical Depression (TD)
  • Tropical Storm (TS)
  • Severe Tropical Storm (STS)
  • Typhoon (TY)
  • Super Typhoon (STY)
• Monsoon


  Seasonal winds, with Southwest Monsoon (warm and humid) and Northeast Monsoon (cold and dry)
• Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

  Where hot and cold trade winds from the Northern hemisphere and Southern hemisphere meet
• The Sun


  The center of the solar system, 149,600,000 km away from the earth, 15,000,000 degrees, composed of Hydrogen (75%), Helium (24%), and Other gases (1%), currently in the Main Sequence phase
• Outer Layers of the Sun

  • Photosphere
  • Chromosphere
  • Corona
• Inner Layers of the Sun

  • Core
  • Radiative zone
  • Convection zone
• Sunspots


  Dark areas found in the photosphere, cooler than the rest of the sun
• Solar Flares


  Flames off the sun
• Solar Prominences


  Loop like figures from the sun
• The Earth


  Approximately 4.54 Billion Years + old, 150 million km away from the sun
• Layers of the Earth


  • Inner Core
  • Outer Core
  • Mantle