Human Reproduction and Development

• Reproductive system- collection of specialized organs, glands, and hormones that help to produce a new human being.
• Puberty- marks time when hypothalamus and pituitary glands release hormones.
• Hormones begin the process of developing your sexual characteristics and reproductive systems.
• Ovulation- release of mature egg cell into fallopian tube.
• Spermatogenesis- process by which sperm cells are produced from stem cells in the testes.
• Female reproductive system- main function is to produce ova (egg cell) and provide place where fertilized egg can develop
• Menstruation- shedding of endometrium lining from uterus.
• Implantation- fertilized egg attaches itself to uterine wall.
• Menstrual cycle- series of changes that occur during menstruation.
• Testis- site of production of sperm cells.
• Epididymis- coiled tubule attached to back of testis; stores sperm cells until they become motile.
• Cervix- lower part of uterus that opens into vagina.
• Lactation- production of milk by mammary glands.
• Pregnancy- period between implantation and birth when fetal development occurs.
• Egg cells produced in ovaries.
• Uterus also called the womb.
• Estrogen and Progesterone are the two hormones that are produced by the ovaries.
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is released from the pituitary gland to stimulate follicles to grow and produce estrogen.
• Fallopian tube- organ that ends in uterus. Egg released travels down across this section.
• Males do not produce sperm cells until puberty.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- released from pituitary gland to trigger ovulation.
• Semen is made up of seminal fluid, prostate secretions, and spermatozoa.
• Testosterone- male sex hormone, responsible for male characteristics, such as aggression, muscle growth, and sexual desire.
• Testes enclosed in pouch called the scrotum.
• Mature sperm travel to long coiled tube called the epididymis.
• During sexual stimulation, sperm travel through long duct called vas deferens.
• Bulbourethral glands produce mucus that lubricates penis during ejaculation.
• Prostate gland: produces fluid that lubricates the urethra and helps sperm move through the urethra
• Smooth muscles propel the semen along the urethra and eject it from the penis.
• Every 28 days hormone cycles begins second stage of egg production (meiosis)
• Ovulation: release of egg from ovary
• Menopause: the ceasing of menstruation.
• Fertilized egg called a zygote
• Fraternal twins develop from two separete eggs (genetically different)
• Identical twins develop from a single egg that splits into two zygotes (genetically identical)
• Infertility: the inability to conceive a child after a year of trying to get pregnant
• Sexually transmitted diseases: STDs are caused by pathogens that are spread through sexual contact.
• Bacterial STD's include: Gonorrhoea Chlamydia Syphilis
• Viral STD's include HIV, HPV, and CMV, Hepatitis B
• Aorta- carries blood from the heart to the body and the rest of the body